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- (s)kandhas
- GCSE official
Form, sensation, perception, mental formations and consciousness as the five constituents of a person.
- A posteriori
- Philosophy
Knowledge or justification that depends on sensory experience or observation.
- A priori
- Philosophy
Knowledge or justification available independently of sensory experience.
- Ability hypothesis
- A-level
The response that Mary gains new abilities on leaving the room rather than learning a new non-physical fact.
- Ability knowledge
- A-level
Knowledge of how to perform an activity or exercise a skill.
- abortion
- GCSE official
Ending a pregnancy so it does not result in a birth.
- Absurdism
- Philosophy
The view that human beings seek meaning in a universe that offers no final or guaranteed answer.
- Accountability
- Core
Being answerable for decisions, actions and their consequences.
- Acquaintance knowledge
- A-level
Direct familiarity with a person, place or thing, usually expressed as knowing someone or somewhere.
- Act utilitarianism
- A-level
The view that each action should be judged directly by whether it maximises utility in its circumstances.
- Acting out of duty
- A-level
Acting because a moral requirement is binding rather than merely acting in accordance with it from inclination.
- Action theory
- Philosophy
The study of intentional action, including how reasons, choices and agency explain what people do.
- adultery
- GCSE official
Voluntary sexual intercourse between a married person and someone other than their spouse.
- Aesthetic judgement
- Core
An assessment of beauty, artistic merit or aesthetic experience.
- Aesthetics
- Philosophy
The branch of philosophy that studies art, beauty, taste and aesthetic experience.
- Africana philosophy
- Philosophy
Philosophical traditions shaped by African and diasporic experience, including questions of identity, liberation, culture and knowledge.
- aftercare
- Philosophy
Practical and emotional support provided after a sentence, treatment or other formal intervention has ended.
- afterlife
- GCSE official
Existence continuing after physical death.
- Analytic philosophy
- Philosophy
A tradition that emphasises clear argument, careful distinctions and the analysis of language or concepts.
- Analytic philosophy of religion
- Philosophy
The use of analytic methods to examine God, faith, religious language and the rationality of belief.
- anatta
- GCSE official
No independent or permanent self.
- Ancestral continuity
- Core
The idea that relationships with ancestors continue to shape identity, obligation and community.
- anicca
- GCSE official
The impermanent nature of all things.
- Animal ethics
- Philosophy
The study of the moral status of non-human animals and how humans ought to treat them.
- Animism
- Core
The belief that animals, places, objects or natural forces possess spirit or agency.
- Applied ethics
- Philosophy
The use of ethical theories and concepts to judge specific practices, choices and disputes.
- A-level
The use of ethical theories and metaethical positions to judge specific practices such as lying or eating animals.
- Archetype
- Core
A recurring model, character or pattern that appears across many stories and cultures.
- Argument
- Core
A connected set of reasons intended to support a conclusion.
- Argument from analogy
- A-level
Reasoning from relevant similarities between two cases to a further probable similarity, as in Paley's watch comparison.
- Argument from hallucination
- A-level
The challenge that a subject may have an experience subjectively indistinguishable from perception when no corresponding object is present.
- Argument from illusion
- A-level
The challenge that illusory experiences seem to present an object as having a property it does not really possess.
- Argument from involuntary experience
- A-level
Locke argues that our inability to choose many sensory experiences supports an external cause of those experiences.
- Art for art's sake
- Core
The view that art need not serve moral, political, religious or practical purposes.
- Artistic value
- Core
The worth an artwork has because of qualities such as form, insight, skill, originality or impact.
- assisted dying
- Philosophy
The deliberate assistance of a terminally ill or suffering person to end their own life, under conditions defined by law or policy.
- Assisted suicide
- Core
Providing a person with the means or help to end their own life.
- atheism
- Philosophy
The absence of belief in any god, or the belief that no gods exist.
- Atomism
- Philosophy
The view that complex things are ultimately composed of basic indivisible units.
- Atonement
- Core
The restoration of the relationship between humanity and God through Jesus' life and death.
- GCSE official
Jesus' death healing the broken relationship between humanity and God.
- Autonomy
- Core
A person's capacity and right to make informed decisions about their own life.
- Bayesian reasoning
- Philosophy
A method of updating degrees of belief by combining prior probabilities with new evidence.
- Beauty
- Core
A quality or experience that gives aesthetic pleasure, admiration or a sense of fittingness.
- Behavioural disposition
- A-level
A tendency to behave in specified ways under relevant circumstances rather than a presently observed action.
- Behaviourism
- Philosophy
An approach that explains mental concepts through behaviour, dispositions or public criteria.
- Belief
- Core
A claim or idea that a person accepts as true.
- Beneficence
- Core
The duty to promote another person's welfare and act for their good.
- Berkeley's anti-sceptical strategy
- A-level
Berkeley removes the gap between ideas and unknowable material objects by treating ordinary objects themselves as mind-dependent collections of ideas.
- Berkeley's idealism
- A-level
The view that ordinary objects are collections of mind-dependent ideas rather than mind-independent material substances.
- Berkeley's Master Argument
- A-level
The argument that we cannot conceive of an unconceived object because conceiving it makes it an object of thought.
- Big Bang
- Philosophy
The scientific model that the universe developed from an extremely hot, dense early state and has been expanding since.
- Bioethics
- Philosophy
The branch of ethics that examines moral questions raised by medicine, healthcare, biology and biotechnology.
- Biological naturalism
- Philosophy
Searle's view that consciousness is a real, subjective biological feature produced by the brain.
- Black feminism
- Philosophy
A tradition examining how race, gender, class and other forms of power shape Black women's lives.
- Blik
- A-level
Hare's term for a fundamental non-cognitive framework that shapes how a person interprets experience.
- Bodily integrity
- Core
The right to control what happens to one's own body and to be protected from unwanted interference.
- Brahman / Atman
- Core
Brahman is ultimate reality; Atman is the deepest self, understood by many Hindus as related or identical to Brahman.
- Brain death
- Core
The irreversible loss of all functions of the brain, including the brain stem.
- Buddhist conversion
- Philosophy
The deliberate adoption of Buddhist commitments, identity or practice, often expressed through taking refuge in the Buddha, dhamma and sangha.
- Business ethics
- Philosophy
The study of moral responsibilities in commerce, organisations, work and economic decision-making.
- Capabilities
- Philosophy
Real opportunities to achieve valuable doings and beings rather than resources or satisfaction alone.
- Capability approach
- Philosophy
An account of justice and welfare focused on people's real opportunities to be and do valuable things.
- Capacity
- Core
The ability to understand, retain, weigh and communicate information needed for a decision.
- Capital punishment
- Core
The legal execution of a person as punishment for a crime.
- Cartesian Circle
- A-level
The objection that Descartes relies on clear and distinct reasoning to prove God, then relies on God to guarantee clear and distinct reasoning.
- Cartesian doubt
- Philosophy
Descartes's systematic method of withholding assent from any belief that can be doubted in order to find a secure foundation for knowledge.
- Cartesian philosophy
- Philosophy
The tradition arising from Descartes's methods of doubt, rational inquiry and distinction between mind and body.
- caste discrimination
- Philosophy
Unfair treatment or exclusion based on a person's inherited caste or perceived social status.
- Categorical imperative
- Core
Kant's unconditional moral command to act only on principles that could apply to everyone.
- A-level
An unconditional command of reason that binds every rational agent regardless of personal aims.
- Category
- Core
A basic class used to organise different kinds of things that exist.
- Causation
- Core
The relation in which one event or condition brings about another.
- celebration of life
- Philosophy
A funeral or memorial approach that centres the character, relationships and achievements of the person who died.
- Censorship
- Core
Suppressing, restricting or removing expression judged harmful, offensive or threatening.
- GCSE official
Suppressing or limiting access to material or speech judged offensive, obscene or threatening.
- Certainty / uncertainty
- Core
Certainty is complete confidence that a claim cannot be false; uncertainty is a recognised lack of full assurance.
- chaplaincy
- Philosophy
Pastoral, spiritual and religious support offered within an institution such as a hospital, prison, university or armed force.
- China brain
- A-level
Block’s thought experiment in which a vast population realises the functional organisation of a mind, challenging whether correct function guarantees consciousness.
- Christian anthropology
- Philosophy
A theological account of human nature, dignity and purpose in relation to God.
- Christian philosophy
- Philosophy
Philosophical inquiry conducted within, or in sustained engagement with, Christian beliefs and concepts.
- church growth
- Philosophy
An increase in a church's participation, membership, new congregations or influence.
- Civic friendship
- Core
Mutual respect and concern among citizens who may disagree deeply but share political life.
- Civil disobedience
- Core
Public, deliberate and usually non-violent lawbreaking intended to challenge injustice.
- Civil resistance
- Core
Collective action that challenges unjust power, often through organised non-cooperation or protest.
- Classical criminology
- Philosophy
The view that crime involves rational choice and should meet predictable, proportionate and publicly justified punishment.
- Cogito
- A-level
Descartes' insight that the occurrence of thinking guarantees the existence of the thinker at least while thinking.
- cohabitation
- GCSE official
Living together in a sexual relationship without marriage or civil partnership.
- Collective responsibility
- Core
Responsibility shared by members of a group for actions, structures or outcomes produced together.
- Coloniality
- Core
The patterns of power and knowledge created by colonialism that continue after formal colonial rule ends.
- commitment
- GCSE official
Dedication and obligation to a person or cause.
- Communalism
- Core
The view that community and shared responsibilities are central to identity and social life.
- community
- Philosophy
A group connected by place, identity, belief, relationships or shared activity.
- Community / Ummah
- Core
The worldwide community of Muslims joined by faith.
- Comparative judgement
- Philosophy
A reasoned conclusion that weighs rival positions against a stated standard and explains which performs better.
- Comparison
- Philosophy
The examination of relevant similarities and differences between claims, arguments or theories.
- compassion
- Philosophy
Recognising another's suffering and being moved to respond with care.
- Complicity
- Core
Involvement in wrongdoing through assistance, support, benefit or culpable silence.
- Compromise
- Core
An agreement in which different sides each accept less than everything they wanted.
- Computability theory
- Philosophy
The mathematical study of what algorithms can calculate and where computation reaches its limits.
- Conceivability
- Philosophy
The capacity to represent a scenario coherently in thought; philosophers dispute whether this establishes genuine possibility.
- Conceivability argument
- A-level
The argument that mind and body can exist separately because their separation can be clearly conceived.
- Confucianism
- Philosophy
A Chinese ethical and political tradition centred on cultivated character, relationships, ritual and humane government.
- Consciousness
- Philosophy
Awareness or experience, especially the presence of a subjective point of view.
- Consequentialism
- Core
The view that the moral value of an action depends primarily on its outcomes.
- contraception
- GCSE official
Methods intended to prevent pregnancy during or after sexual intercourse.
- Cosmological argument
- A-level
An a posteriori argument inferring God from features such as motion, causation, contingency or the universe's beginning.
- Covenant
- Core
A binding promise or relationship between God and a person or community.
- creation
- Philosophy
The bringing into existence of the universe or living things; in religion, this is often understood in relation to divine action.
- Critical pedagogy
- Core
An approach to education that examines power and enables learners to question and change injustice.
- Critical theory
- Philosophy
A tradition that analyses social power and seeks the conditions for emancipation from domination.
- Critique of morality
- Philosophy
An inquiry into the origins, values and effects of inherited moral systems rather than simply accepting them.
- Cultural criticism
- Philosophy
The interpretation and evaluation of culture, especially how it expresses values, power and social conflict.
- Cultural diffusion
- Core
The spread of ideas, customs or technologies between societies.
- Cyborg identity
- Core
A conception of identity shaped by a close integration of biological bodies and technology.
- Cynicism
- Philosophy
An ancient Greek tradition that rejects convention and luxury in favour of virtue, freedom and plain living.
- Dalit rights
- Philosophy
Claims to equality, dignity and protection from caste-based exclusion made by and for Dalit communities.
- Daoism
- Philosophy
A Chinese tradition emphasising harmony with the Dao through simplicity, spontaneity and non-forcing action.
- Decolonial philosophy
- Philosophy
Philosophy that challenges colonial structures in knowledge, culture, identity and political life.
- Decolonisation
- Core
The process of undoing colonial power and its continuing effects on institutions, knowledge and culture.
- Deduction
- Philosophy
Reasoning in which, if the premises are true and the argument is valid, the conclusion must be true.
- Deontology
- Philosophy · Core
An approach to ethics centred on duties, rules and what actions are right in themselves.
- Descartes' response to scepticism
- A-level
Descartes begins with the cogito, then uses clear and distinct ideas and arguments for a non-deceiving God to restore trust in reason and the external world.
- Design argument
- Philosophy
The argument that order, purpose or apparent design in nature provides evidence of an intelligent designer.
- Determinism / libertarianism
- Core
Determinism says prior causes fix what happens; libertarianism says some human choices are genuinely free.
- devotion
- Philosophy
Deep religious commitment expressed through worship, prayer, service or disciplined practice.
- Dharma
- Core
Right conduct, duty and the order that sustains life and society.
- Dialectic
- Philosophy
A method of testing and developing ideas through questioning, opposition and reasoned exchange.
- Dialectical philosophy
- Philosophy
An approach that understands ideas, societies or history through developing tensions and contradictions.
- Dignity
- Core
The inherent or socially recognised worth of a person that calls for respectful treatment.
- Direct realism
- A-level
The view that the immediate objects of perception are mind-independent objects and their properties.
- Discrimination
- Core
Unfair treatment of people because of their identity or membership of a group.
- GCSE official
Treating groups or individuals differently because of prejudice.
- Discrimination principle
- Core
The requirement to distinguish legitimate military targets from civilians and protect non-combatants.
- Distributive justice
- Core
Fairness in how benefits, opportunities, risks and burdens are shared.
- Divination
- Core
An attempt to discover hidden knowledge or the future through signs or ritual practices.
- Divine aesthetics
- Core
The study of how beauty and art relate to God, creation or religious experience.
- Divine command theory
- Core
The view that actions are right because God commands them and wrong because God forbids them.
- Divine foreknowledge
- A-level
God's knowledge of future free actions, which raises a possible conflict between omniscience and human freedom.
- divorce
- GCSE official
The legal ending of a marriage.
- Doctrine of double effect
- Core
The principle that a harmful side effect may be permissible when the intended act is good and the harm is not the means used.
- Doctrine of the mean
- A-level
The account of virtue as an appropriate disposition between excess and deficiency relative to the situation.
- Dream argument
- Philosophy
Descartes's challenge that waking experience may be indistinguishable from dreaming, undermining certainty based on the senses.
- Dreaming argument
- A-level
The challenge that an experience may feel like waking perception even when it is a dream, undermining certainty about the present external world.
- Dualism
- Core
The view that reality or a person contains two fundamentally different kinds of thing, often mind and body.
- dukkha
- GCSE official
Suffering or unsatisfactoriness.
- Duty of care
- Core
A responsibility to take reasonable steps to avoid foreseeable harm to others.
- Eating animals
- A-level
Using non-human animals as food, assessed through consequences, duties, virtues and the moral status of animals.
- ecumenism
- Philosophy
Work to increase cooperation and unity between different Christian denominations.
- education
- Philosophy
The organised development of knowledge, understanding, skills and character through teaching and learning.
- Election
- Core
The belief that God chooses a person or people for a particular responsibility.
- Eliminative materialism
- Philosophy
The view that common-sense mental categories such as belief and desire may be radically mistaken and replaced by a mature neuroscience.
- A-level
The theory that folk-psychological categories such as belief may be radically mistaken and replaced by neuroscience.
- emergency aid
- Philosophy
Immediate assistance provided during or after a crisis to protect life and meet urgent needs.
- Emotivism
- Philosophy
The anti-realist view that moral judgements express approval or disapproval rather than report moral facts.
- A-level
Ayer's non-cognitivist view that moral judgements express approval or disapproval rather than state facts.
- Empiricism
- Philosophy
The view that knowledge is grounded primarily in sensory experience.
- Empiricist responses to scepticism
- A-level
Locke appeals to involuntary and coherent experience, Berkeley removes unknowable matter, and Russell treats the external world as the best hypothesis.
- Entitlement theory
- Philosophy
Nozick's view that holdings are just when they arise through just acquisition, transfer and rectification.
- environmental sustainability
- GCSE official
Meeting demands on natural resources without preventing present or future human, animal and plant flourishing.
- Epicureanism
- Philosophy
A tradition seeking tranquillity through modest pleasure, friendship and freedom from bodily pain and unnecessary fear.
- Epistemic authority
- Core
A person or institution's recognised standing as a reliable source of knowledge.
- Epistemic injustice
- Core
A wrong done to someone specifically in their capacity as a knower.
- Epistemic trust
- Core
A willingness to rely on another person as a source of information or understanding.
- Epistemology
- Philosophy
The branch of philosophy that studies knowledge: what it is, how it is justified and where its limits lie.
- Equal consideration
- Philosophy
Giving comparable interests comparable moral weight without discounting them by status or species alone.
- Equality / equity
- Core
Equality gives people the same treatment or resources; equity adjusts support to address different needs and barriers.
- Error theory
- Philosophy
The view that moral judgements aim to state objective moral facts but are systematically false because no such facts exist.
- A-level
Mackie's cognitivist view that moral judgements aim at objective truth but are systematically false because no moral facts exist.
- Eschatological verification
- A-level
Hick's proposal that some religious claims could be conclusively verified after death even if they cannot be falsified now.
- Esotericism
- Core
Teachings or practices intended for those with special initiation or hidden knowledge.
- Essence
- Core
The features that make something the kind of thing it is.
- Ethics
- Philosophy
The branch of philosophy that studies right action, good character and how life ought to be lived.
- Ethnophilosophy
- Core
The study or presentation of a community's shared world-view as philosophy, often debated for treating cultures as too uniform.
- Eudaimonia
- Core
Human flourishing: living and acting well across a complete life.
- A-level
Aristotle's final human good: flourishing through a complete life of excellent rational activity.
- Euthanasia
- Core
Intentionally ending a person's life to relieve serious suffering, usually in a medical context.
- GCSE official
Killing or allowing the death of a person suffering from serious illness; often called mercy killing.
- Euthyphro dilemma
- A-level
The challenge asking whether acts are good because God commands them or God commands them because they are good.
- Evaluation
- Philosophy
The reasoned assessment of how successfully a claim or argument withstands evidence, objections and alternatives.
- evangelism
- GCSE official
Preaching the gospel with the intention of converting others to Christianity.
- Everlastingness
- A-level
The view that God exists through every moment of time without beginning or end.
- Evidence
- Core
Information that counts for or against a claim.
- Evidential problem of evil
- A-level
The claim that the amount or distribution of apparently pointless suffering makes God's existence improbable.
- Evil demon
- Philosophy
Descartes's sceptical scenario in which a powerful deceiver causes systematic error even about apparently obvious truths.
- Evil demon argument
- A-level
Descartes imagines a powerful deceiver manipulating even apparently self-evident reasoning, creating the most radical wave of doubt.
- evolution
- GCSE official
Development of living creatures from earlier, less complex forms over Earth's history.
- Existence is not a predicate
- A-level
Kant's objection that existence does not add a property to the concept of a thing.
- Existential ethics
- Philosophy
Moral thought centred on freedom, responsibility and creating value without relying on a predetermined human purpose.
- Existential ontology
- Philosophy
The study of the structures of human existence, such as being-in-the-world, possibility, anxiety and mortality.
- Existential philosophy
- Philosophy
Philosophy concerned with individual existence, choice, anxiety, faith and the search for meaning.
- Existential risk
- Core
A threat that could permanently destroy humanity or severely limit its future potential.
- Existentialism
- Philosophy
The tradition that stresses freedom, responsibility and self-creation rather than a fixed human essence.
- Experience machine
- A-level
Nozick's thought experiment testing whether pleasurable experience is all that matters for a good life.
- External world
- Philosophy
A reality existing independently of a person's present experience of it.
- External world as best hypothesis
- A-level
Russell argues that a continuing external world is the simplest and best explanation of the regular sense-data we receive.
- Extremism
- Core
Holding or promoting ideas far outside accepted democratic or moral limits, especially when they reject others' rights.
- GCSE official
Believing in and supporting ideas far from what most people consider correct or reasonable.
- Fallacy of composition
- A-level
The error of inferring that a whole has a property merely because each of its parts has that property.
- Falsification
- A-level
Flew's challenge that a genuine factual assertion must exclude some possible state of affairs.
- Feminist epistemology
- Philosophy
The study of how gender and power shape knowledge, credibility, inquiry and whose experience is recognised.
- Feminist philosophy
- Philosophy
Philosophy that examines gendered power and rethinks concepts such as freedom, knowledge, justice and personhood.
- First wave of doubt
- A-level
Descartes notes that the senses sometimes deceive us, giving reason to withhold trust where conditions are poor.
- Foetal moral status
- Core
The degree of moral consideration, protection or rights owed to a foetus.
- Folk psychology
- Philosophy · A-level
The everyday framework that explains behaviour through beliefs, desires, intentions and other familiar mental states.
- forgiveness
- GCSE official
Pardoning wrongdoing and giving up resentment or revenge.
- free will
- GCSE official
Choosing voluntarily and independently rather than being predetermined.
- Free-will defence
- Philosophy
A possible account showing that divine goodness and power can be logically consistent with moral evil by appealing to significant creaturely freedom.
- A-level
The response that significant creaturely freedom can make divine goodness and power logically consistent with moral evil.
- Freedom of expression
- Core
The liberty to hold and communicate ideas without unjustified censorship or punishment.
- Function argument
- A-level
Aristotle's argument that the human good consists in excellent activity of the rational soul.
- Functional role
- Philosophy · A-level
The pattern of causal relations linking a state to inputs, other internal states and behavioural outputs.
- Functionalism
- Philosophy
The view that mental states are defined by the causal roles they perform rather than the material composing them.
- A-level
The theory that a mental state is identified by its causal role rather than by the material from which it is made.
- future generations
- Philosophy
People who will live after the present generation and may be affected by decisions made now.
- Gaunilo's island
- A-level
A parody arguing that Anselm's reasoning would wrongly prove the existence of a greatest conceivable island.
- gender equality
- GCSE official
People of all genders having equal rights and opportunities.
- Genealogy
- Philosophy
A method that traces how concepts and practices emerged historically through changing relations of power.
- Genetic modification
- Core
Deliberately altering an organism's genetic material.
- German idealism
- Philosophy
The post-Kantian tradition exploring reality, knowledge and freedom through the activity and structures of reason.
- Gettier case
- A-level
A case in which a belief is justified and true but true through epistemic luck, challenging JTB as sufficient for knowledge.
- Gettier problem
- Philosophy
The challenge posed by cases where a belief is justified and true only through luck, suggesting that justified true belief is not sufficient for knowledge.
- global citizenship
- Philosophy
Understanding oneself as part of an interconnected world with responsibilities that cross national boundaries.
- Good will
- A-level
For Kant, a will that acts for the sake of duty and is good without qualification.
- good/evil
- GCSE official
Good is morally right and beneficial; evil is extremely immoral, wicked and wrong.
- Harm principle
- Philosophy
The claim that preventing harm to others can justify coercive interference, while mere offence or imprudence cannot.
- Hedonism
- Philosophy
The view that pleasure has a central, or sometimes sole, role in explaining what is good.
- Hermeneutics
- Philosophy
The theory and practice of interpretation, especially of texts, history and human experience.
- Hidden curriculum
- Core
The unwritten values, expectations and habits taught through how education is organised.
- Higher and lower pleasures
- A-level
Mill's qualitative distinction between pleasures according to their kind and the verdict of competent judges.
- Historical epistemology
- Philosophy
The study of how standards, categories and practices of knowledge change across history.
- History of ideas
- Philosophy
The study of how concepts develop, travel and change across intellectual and historical contexts.
- human dignity
- Philosophy
The inherent worth of every human being, which grounds claims to respect and protection.
- human rights
- GCSE official
Basic entitlements held by all people simply because they are human.
- Humanity formulation
- A-level
Kant's requirement to treat humanity always as an end and never merely as a means.
- Hume's Fork
- A-level
The division of genuine objects of reason into relations of ideas and matters of fact.
- Idealism
- Philosophy
The view that reality, or our knowledge of it, is fundamentally dependent on mind or ideas.
- Identity
- Core
What makes something the same thing over time or across different descriptions.
- Imagination
- Core
The capacity to form, explore and rearrange ideas or possibilities beyond what is immediately present.
- Implicit bias
- Core
An automatic association or judgement that can affect behaviour without conscious intention.
- Impressions and ideas
- A-level
For Hume, impressions are forceful original experiences; ideas are fainter copies in thought.
- Incarnation
- Core
The Christian belief that God became human in Jesus.
- GCSE official
God becoming human in Jesus.
- Indigenous knowledge
- Core
Knowledge developed within a community through its history, practices, language and relationship with its environment.
- Indirect realism
- A-level
The view that we immediately perceive mind-dependent sense-data caused by and representing mind-independent objects.
- Indivisibility argument
- A-level
Descartes' argument that mind and body are distinct because body is divisible while mind is not divisible in the same way.
- Indoctrination
- Core
Teaching beliefs in a way that discourages questioning, evidence or genuine alternatives.
- Infallibilism
- A-level
A post-Gettier response which strengthens justification so that it guarantees truth or rules out error.
- Informed consent
- Core
Voluntary agreement given after receiving and understanding relevant information.
- Innatism
- A-level
The view that the mind possesses at least some concepts or knowledge independently of sense experience.
- Input
- Philosophy
A stimulus or event that affects a system and helps produce a functional or mental state.
- Intellectual humility
- Core
Recognising the limits of one's knowledge and remaining open to correction.
- Intellectual virtue
- Core
A good habit of thinking, such as honesty, curiosity, courage or careful judgement.
- Intentionality
- Core
The mind's capacity to be directed towards or about something.
- A-level
The aboutness or directedness of a mental state towards an object, event or proposition.
- Interaction problem
- Philosophy
The difficulty of explaining causal contact between a non-physical mind and a physical body.
- A-level
The difficulty of explaining causal interaction between a non-physical mind and a physical body.
- interfaith peacebuilding
- Philosophy
Cooperation between people of different religions or beliefs to prevent conflict, repair relationships and build peace.
- Interpretation
- Core
An account of what an artwork means and how its features support that meaning.
- Intuition
- Philosophy
An immediate rational grasp of a truth or principle without deriving it from observation or a chain of inference.
- Intuitionism
- Philosophy
The realist view that basic moral truths are non-natural and can be known through rational intuition.
- Just war theory
- Core
Principles for deciding when war may be justified and how it must be fought.
- justice
- GCSE official
Fairness, equal provision and equal opportunity.
- Justice as fairness
- Philosophy
Rawls's account of fair social principles as those free and equal people would choose without knowing their advantages.
- Justification
- Core
A reason or body of evidence that supports a belief.
- Justified true belief
- Philosophy
The traditional analysis of knowledge as a belief that is true and supported by adequate justification.
- Kalam argument
- A-level
The argument that whatever begins to exist has a cause, the universe began to exist, and therefore the universe has a cause.
- Karma
- Core
The moral consequences of actions, which shape future experience and rebirth.
- karuna
- Philosophy
The Buddhist virtue of compassion: recognising suffering and wishing or acting to relieve it.
- Knowledge
- Philosophy
A well-founded grasp of truth rather than a merely sincere belief or lucky guess.
- Knowledge argument
- Philosophy
The argument, illustrated by Mary's room, that complete physical knowledge may omit what conscious experience is like.
- A-level
The argument that complete physical knowledge may omit knowledge of what a conscious experience is like.
- law
- Philosophy
A system of publicly recognised rules that a society or authority can interpret and enforce.
- legacy
- Philosophy
The continuing effects, reputation or inheritance left by a person, movement or event.
- Legal philosophy
- Philosophy
The study of the nature, authority and purpose of law and its relationship to morality.
- Leibniz's necessary-truth argument
- A-level
Experience supplies particular cases but cannot establish necessity, so our grasp of necessary truths requires an innate rational source.
- Liberalism
- Philosophy
A political tradition emphasising individual freedom, rights, equality before the law and limits on power.
- Liberation
- Core
Being freed from oppression, captivity or unjust control.
- Libertarianism
- Philosophy
A political view giving strong priority to individual liberty, property rights and protection from coercion.
- Local and global scepticism
- A-level
Local scepticism targets knowledge in a domain; global scepticism attempts to challenge knowledge across all domains.
- Locke on universal assent
- A-level
Locke argues that allegedly innate principles are not consciously accepted by every person, undermining universal assent as evidence of innateness.
- Logic
- Philosophy
The study of valid reasoning, inference and the structures that distinguish good arguments from bad ones.
- Logical problem of evil
- A-level
The claim that the existence of any evil is logically inconsistent with an omnipotent, omniscient and perfectly good God.
- Lying
- Philosophy
Intentionally communicating what one believes to be false in order to deceive another person.
- Machine-table functionalism
- A-level
Putnam's model that describes a mind through a complete table of inputs, internal machine states and outputs.
- Mary's room
- A-level
Jackson's case of a colour scientist who knows all physical facts about colour vision before experiencing colour herself.
- Materialism
- Philosophy
The view that everything that exists is fundamentally material or physical.
- Meaning in life
- Philosophy
The inquiry into what can make a human life significant, purposeful or worth living.
- meditation
- Philosophy
A disciplined practice of attention, reflection or mental cultivation used for insight, calm or spiritual development.
- Mental state
- Philosophy · A-level
A condition of mind such as a belief, desire, intention, sensation or conscious experience.
- Messiah
- Core
God's anointed or chosen deliverer; Christians identify Jesus as the Messiah.
- Metaethics
- Philosophy
The branch of philosophy that examines what moral judgements mean, whether moral facts exist and how moral knowledge is possible.
- Metaphysics
- Philosophy
The branch of philosophy that studies the most fundamental nature of reality and existence.
- metta
- Philosophy
Loving-kindness in Buddhism: the cultivated wish that oneself and other beings may be well and happy.
- mettabhavana
- GCSE official
The development of loving kindness, usually through meditation.
- Mimesis
- Core
Artistic representation or imitation of reality.
- Mind
- Philosophy
The capacities and states involved in thought, experience, intention, memory and awareness.
- Mind-brain identity theory
- Philosophy
The view that mental states and events are identical with states and events in the brain.
- Mind-brain type identity
- A-level
The theory that every type of mental state is numerically identical with a type of brain state.
- Mind-independent world
- Philosophy
Reality that exists and has features independently of anyone's current thought or perception.
- Mind–body problem
- Philosophy
The problem of explaining how mental states and conscious experience relate to physical bodies and brains.
- Miracle
- Core
An extraordinary event understood as an act or sign of divine power.
- mission
- Philosophy
Religious activity intended to share faith, serve others or carry out a community's calling.
- Modal metaphysics
- Philosophy
The study of possibility, necessity and the ways reality could or must be.
- Moksha
- Core
Liberation from samsara and the limitations of ordinary existence.
- Monomyth
- Core
The proposed common pattern in which a hero leaves, faces trials and returns transformed.
- Monotheism
- Core
Belief that there is only one God.
- Moral / natural evil
- Core
Moral evil results from agents' choices; natural evil arises from processes such as disease or earthquakes.
- Moral courage
- Core
The willingness to act on ethical conviction despite risk, pressure or personal cost.
- Moral error theory
- Philosophy
The view that moral judgements aim at objective truths but are systematically false because no such moral facts exist.
- Moral injury
- Core
Distress caused by taking part in, failing to prevent or witnessing actions that violate one's moral convictions.
- Moral naturalism
- A-level
The realist view that moral properties are natural properties reducible to features of the world.
- Moral philosophy
- Philosophy
The systematic study of moral value, obligation, character and justified action.
- Moral psychology
- Philosophy
The study of the motives, emotions, reasoning and character involved in moral thought and action.
- Moral realism
- Core
The view that at least some moral claims are objectively true or false.
- A-level
The view that mind-independent moral properties or facts exist.
- Moral sentimentalism
- Philosophy
The view that moral judgement is grounded importantly in human sentiments or emotions.
- morality
- GCSE official
Principles and standards used to judge actions right or wrong.
- Morphological freedom
- Core
The claimed right to alter one's body using medical or technological means.
- mortality
- Philosophy
The condition of being subject to death.
- Multiple realisability
- Philosophy
The possibility that the same mental role could be implemented in different physical materials or systems.
- A-level
The possibility that the same mental-state type can be realised by different physical states in different creatures or systems.
- Mythology
- Core
A tradition's connected stories about gods, origins and the meaning of the world.
- Natural goodness
- Philosophy
Foot's account of evaluating living things, including human virtues, through the needs and patterns of their life form.
- Natural law
- Philosophy
The view that moral principles can be grounded in rational reflection on human nature and its purposes.
- natural selection
- Philosophy
The evolutionary process in which inherited traits that aid survival and reproduction become more common over generations.
- Natural theology
- Philosophy
Reasoning about God from observation and argument rather than relying only on revealed scripture.
- Naturalism
- Philosophy
The realist view that moral properties are natural properties that can in principle be investigated through ordinary facts about the world.
- Naturalistic dualism
- Philosophy
Chalmers's view that consciousness is a fundamental non-physical feature governed alongside the physical world by natural laws.
- Necessary / contingent
- Core
A necessary truth or being could not be otherwise; a contingent one could have been different or absent.
- Necessary and sufficient conditions
- A-level
A necessary condition must be present; sufficient conditions, taken together, guarantee that the definition applies.
- Necessary existence
- A-level
Existence that cannot fail to obtain, rather than existence that is contingent on other conditions.
- Negligence
- Core
A failure to take the level of care that a reasonable person or professional should take.
- Neoplatonism
- Philosophy
A later Platonist tradition describing reality as a hierarchy flowing from the One and returning through intellect and contemplation.
- No false lemmas
- A-level
The proposal that knowledge is JTB plus the condition that the belief is not inferred from any false premise.
- Non-maleficence
- Core
The duty to avoid causing unnecessary harm.
- Non-violence
- Core
Resisting injustice without using physical violence.
- nonviolence
- Philosophy
A principled refusal to use violence, often joined to active resistance through peaceful means.
- Normative ethics
- Philosophy
The branch of ethics that develops standards for deciding which actions, motives or character traits are morally right or good.
- Objection
- Philosophy
A reason offered to show that a claim, inference or theory is false, unsupported or incomplete.
- Objectivism / subjectivism
- Core
Objectivism treats aesthetic value as independent of personal preference; subjectivism grounds it in individual response.
- Offering
- Core
Something presented to a deity, spirit or sacred power as an act of devotion.
- Omnibenevolence
- A-level
The divine attribute of perfect or supreme goodness.
- omnibenevolent
- GCSE official
God's infinite goodness and love.
- Omnipotence
- A-level
The divine attribute of possessing the greatest power compatible with logical possibility.
- omnipotent
- GCSE official
God's unlimited, almighty power.
- Omniscience
- A-level
The divine attribute of knowing every truth that it is logically possible to know.
- Ontological argument
- A-level
An a priori argument that attempts to infer God's existence from the concept or definition of God.
- Ontology
- Philosophy
The branch of philosophy that studies being and existence: what kinds of things exist and the most fundamental categories of reality.
- Open question argument
- Philosophy
Moore's argument that any proposed natural definition of goodness leaves it meaningful to ask whether that natural property is genuinely good.
- A-level
Moore's argument that any natural definition of goodness leaves it intelligible to ask whether that property is good.
- Oral tradition
- Core
Knowledge, history and ideas preserved and transmitted through spoken forms and performance.
- Ordinary language philosophy
- Philosophy
An approach that clarifies philosophical problems by examining how words function in everyday use.
- Organ allocation
- Core
The process of deciding how scarce donated organs should be distributed among patients.
- Original sin
- Core
The Christian teaching that humanity inherits a damaged condition caused by the first human disobedience.
- Output
- Philosophy
A behaviour, action or other result produced by a system from its inputs and internal states.
- Pacifism
- Core
The rejection of war or violence as a way of resolving conflict.
- Palliative care
- Core
Care that relieves pain and other distress while supporting quality of life in serious illness.
- Parable
- Core
A short story used to communicate a moral or religious insight.
- Paradigm
- Core
A model or framework that shapes which questions, evidence and explanations are accepted.
- Paradox of the stone
- A-level
The challenge asking whether an omnipotent being can create a stone it cannot lift.
- Paradox of tolerance
- Core
The problem that unlimited tolerance may allow intolerant forces to destroy tolerance itself.
- partnership
- Philosophy
A relationship in which people or organisations share responsibility and work towards agreed aims.
- Paternalism
- Core
Restricting someone's choice for what is claimed to be their own good.
- Patriarch
- Core
An early male ancestor or leader of a religious people, such as Abraham.
- Patristic theology
- Philosophy
The doctrines and arguments developed by early Christian writers known as the Church Fathers.
- Peacebuilding
- Core
Long-term work to address causes of conflict and develop just, peaceful relationships and institutions.
- Pedagogy
- Core
The theory and practice of teaching and learning.
- Penal reform
- Philosophy
The effort to make punishment more proportionate, humane, effective and publicly accountable.
- Perception
- Philosophy
Sensory awareness or representation of objects, events and features of the world.
- Perceptual variation
- A-level
Variation in how the same object appears under different conditions or to different perceivers.
- Perennialism
- Core
The view that religions share a timeless underlying truth or spiritual source.
- personal conviction
- GCSE official
Something a person strongly feels or believes.
- Personal identity
- Philosophy
The study of what makes someone the same person across time and change.
- Personhood
- Core
The status of being a person with morally important capacities, relationships or rights.
- Perspectivism
- Philosophy
The view that knowledge and value are approached from interpretive perspectives rather than a view from nowhere.
- Phenomenal property
- A-level
A property concerning what an experience feels like from the subject's point of view.
- Phenomenology
- Philosophy
The careful description of the structures of lived experience as they appear from the first-person point of view.
- Philosophical behaviourism
- A-level
The view that propositions about mental states are propositions about behaviour and behavioural dispositions.
- Philosophical scepticism
- A-level
A systematic challenge to whether our beliefs meet the conditions for knowledge, rather than ordinary hesitation about one claim.
- Philosophical zombie
- Philosophy
A conceivable physical and behavioural duplicate of a person that lacks conscious experience.
- A-level
A conceivable physical and behavioural duplicate of a person that entirely lacks conscious experience.
- Philosophy of artificial intelligence
- Philosophy
The study of machine intelligence, cognition, responsibility and whether artificial systems could genuinely think.
- Philosophy of attention
- Philosophy
The study of what attention is and how what we notice shapes knowledge, value and moral response.
- Philosophy of education
- Philosophy
The study of education's aims, methods, authority and relationship to freedom and human development.
- Philosophy of emotion
- Philosophy
The study of the nature, rationality and value of emotions in thought and action.
- Philosophy of history
- Philosophy
The study of historical explanation, change and whether history has intelligible patterns or meaning.
- Philosophy of language
- Philosophy
The study of meaning, reference, communication and the relationship between language and reality.
- Philosophy of mind
- Philosophy
The study of consciousness, mental states and their relationship to bodies and the physical world.
- Philosophy of perception
- Philosophy
The study of how sensory experience represents the world and can justify beliefs about it.
- Philosophy of power
- Philosophy
The study of how power operates through institutions, knowledge, social practices and relationships.
- Philosophy of religion
- Philosophy
The rational study of religious concepts, arguments, experiences and practices.
- Philosophy of science
- Philosophy
The study of scientific methods, explanation, evidence and what scientific theories tell us about reality.
- Physicalism
- Philosophy
The view that everything mental is ultimately physical or realised physically.
- pilgrimage
- Philosophy
A journey to a place of religious or spiritual importance, undertaken as an act of faith, reflection or devotion.
- Plato's slave-boy argument
- A-level
Socratic questioning appears to draw geometrical knowledge from an untaught boy, which Plato explains as recollection.
- Platonism
- Philosophy
The Plato-inspired view that intelligible realities such as Forms are more fundamental than changing appearances.
- Pluralism
- Core
The acceptance that different beliefs and ways of life can coexist within one society.
- Political philosophy
- Philosophy
The study of justice, authority, rights, freedom and the proper organisation of political life.
- Political reform
- Philosophy
The reasoned improvement of laws and institutions to reduce injustice or better serve public purposes.
- Political theory
- Philosophy
The study of the concepts and arguments used to organise collective life and political power.
- Political thought
- Philosophy
Ideas about government, authority, freedom and social order understood in their intellectual and historical setting.
- Polytheism
- Core
Belief in or worship of more than one god.
- Population ethics
- Philosophy
The study of moral questions about how many people exist, who exists and how their wellbeing should be compared.
- Posthumanism
- Core
A family of views questioning fixed ideas of the human and exploring lives transformed beyond current human limits.
- Potentiality
- Core
The capacity to develop a property or status that is not yet actual.
- poverty
- Philosophy
A lack of the resources and opportunities needed to meet basic needs and participate fully in society.
- Practical ethics
- Philosophy
The application of ethical reasoning to concrete choices, professions and public policy.
- Practical wisdom
- Philosophy
Aristotle's intellectual virtue of judging what matters in a particular situation and choosing an appropriate action for the right reasons.
- A-level
The intellectual virtue of judging what matters in a particular situation and choosing well for the right reasons.
- Pragmatism
- Philosophy
A tradition that understands meaning, truth and inquiry partly through practical consequences and problem-solving.
- pratitya
- GCSE official
Dependent origination: phenomena exist through a complex causal web across past, present and future.
- prayer
- Philosophy
Communication with, attention to or contemplation of the divine, expressed through words, silence or ritual.
- Preference utilitarianism
- Philosophy
The view that actions should maximise the satisfaction of people's informed preferences.
- A-level
A non-hedonistic form of utilitarianism that seeks to maximise the satisfaction of informed preferences.
- prejudice
- GCSE official
Judging people inferior or superior in advance and without cause.
- Premise / conclusion
- Core
A premise is a reason offered in an argument; the conclusion is the claim those reasons support.
- Prescriptivism
- Philosophy
The anti-realist view that moral judgements issue universal prescriptions about how people should act.
- A-level
Hare's non-cognitivist view that moral judgements issue universal prescriptions about how people should act.
- Presumed consent
- Core
An organ-donation system that treats eligible people as donors unless they opt out.
- Primary and secondary qualities
- A-level
Locke distinguishes primary qualities possessed by objects from powers to produce ideas of secondary qualities in perceivers.
- Principle of sufficient reason
- A-level
Leibniz's principle that every fact or existing thing has an adequate explanation for why it is so.
- Privation
- Core
The absence or loss of a good that ought to be present.
- Professional integrity
- Core
Acting honestly and consistently with the ethical standards of a profession.
- Propaganda
- Core
Communication designed to shape attitudes or behaviour, often through selective or manipulative presentation.
- Prophethood / Risalah
- Core
God communicating guidance through chosen messengers or prophets.
- Proportionality
- Core
The requirement that force and expected harm must not exceed the good reasonably sought.
- Propositional knowledge
- A-level
Knowledge that a proposition is true; the kind of knowledge analysed by the tripartite view.
- protest
- Philosophy
A public expression of objection intended to challenge a decision, condition or injustice.
- Psychological continuity
- Philosophy
Overlapping chains of memory, intention, belief and character that connect stages of a life.
- Puja
- Core
Hindu worship involving offerings, prayer and devotion to a deity.
- punishment
- GCSE official
A penalty imposed for a crime or wrongdoing.
- Qualia
- Philosophy
The felt, first-person qualities of experiences such as pain, colour or taste.
- A-level
Intrinsic, non-intentional phenomenal properties that are introspectively accessible.
- quality of life
- GCSE official
The extent to which life is meaningful and pleasurable.
- Quiddity
- Core
The whatness of a thing: the nature that makes it the kind of thing it is.
- racial discrimination
- Philosophy
Unfair treatment or exclusion based on race, ethnicity, colour or perceived racial identity.
- Radicalisation
- Core
The process by which someone adopts increasingly extreme ideas, sometimes including support for violence.
- Rational intuition
- A-level
An immediate intellectual grasp of a proposition as true without deriving it from other propositions.
- Rationalism
- Philosophy
The view that reason can provide substantive knowledge independently of, or prior to, sensory experience.
- reason
- Philosophy
The capacity to form judgements and reach conclusions through evidence, concepts and logical relations.
- Reasonable standard
- Core
The level of care or conduct expected from a competent person in comparable circumstances.
- Reconciliation
- Core
The rebuilding of trust and relationships after conflict or wrongdoing.
- reformation
- Philosophy
The sixteenth-century movement that challenged Western Church authority and led to the development of Protestant traditions.
- Reformed epistemology
- Philosophy
The view that religious belief can be properly basic rather than inferred from evidence, when formed in an appropriate way.
- Relational selfhood
- Core
The view that a person's identity is constituted partly through relationships with others.
- relative and absolute poverty
- GCSE official
Absolute poverty is acute deprivation of basic needs; relative poverty is measured against the standards of the society in which a person lives.
- Relativism
- Core
The view that truth or morality depends on a culture, framework or perspective rather than one universal standard.
- Reliabilism
- A-level
The analysis of knowledge as a true belief produced by a process that reliably forms true beliefs.
- Reliabilism as an anti-sceptical response
- A-level
Knowledge may require a reliably truth-conducive process, not the subject's ability to rule out every sceptical possibility.
- religious affiliation
- Philosophy
A person's stated identification or connection with a religion or denomination.
- religious diversity
- Philosophy
The presence of different religions, denominations, beliefs and practices within a society or community.
- religious freedom
- Philosophy
The liberty to hold, change, express or decline religious beliefs, subject to protections for the rights of others.
- Religious liberty
- Core
The freedom to adopt, change, practise or reject a religion, within justified limits.
- Religious pluralism
- Philosophy
The view that more than one religious tradition may mediate genuine responses to ultimate reality or salvation.
- reparation
- Philosophy
Action intended to repair harm, which may include apology, restitution, compensation or institutional change.
- Republican thought
- Philosophy
Political thought centred on freedom from domination, civic participation and the common good.
- Republicanism
- Philosophy
A political tradition defining freedom as non-domination and emphasising civic self-government and the rule of law.
- responsibilities
- GCSE official
Expected actions or duties.
- responsibility
- Philosophy
A duty to act, answer for choices or take appropriate care for their consequences.
- Restorative justice
- Core
An approach that seeks to repair harm by involving those affected, encouraging accountability and rebuilding relationships.
- Resurrection
- Core
Jesus rising from the dead after the crucifixion.
- GCSE official
Jesus rising from the dead and conquering death.
- Revelation / Wahy
- Core
Knowledge or guidance disclosed by God, especially to a prophet.
- Reverence / Taqwa
- Core
Awareness of God that produces reverence, self-restraint and careful action.
- Ritual
- Core
A repeated symbolic action performed according to an established pattern.
- roles
- GCSE official
A person's position or function and the behaviour society expects with it.
- Rule utilitarianism
- A-level
The view that right action follows rules whose general acceptance would maximise utility.
- sacraments
- GCSE official
Outward signs of inward divine blessing, including baptism and Eucharist.
- Sage philosophy
- Core
The study of critical philosophical reflection expressed by recognised wise thinkers within African communities.
- samatha
- GCSE official
Calmness or breathing meditation.
- Samsara
- Core
The continuing cycle of birth, death and rebirth.
- Sanctity of life
- Core
The belief that human life has special or sacred value and should be protected.
- GCSE official
The belief that life is precious or sacred; some religious believers give human life distinctive status.
- Scepticism
- Core
The view or method of doubting whether knowledge is possible in some area.
- Scholasticism
- Philosophy
A medieval method using structured questions and disputation to reconcile reason with authoritative texts.
- science
- Philosophy
The systematic investigation of the natural world through observation, testing, evidence and revisable explanation.
- science and religion
- Philosophy
The study of how scientific explanations and religious beliefs relate, including areas of conflict, independence and dialogue.
- Scientific realism
- Philosophy
The view that successful scientific theories describe a mind-independent world, including its unobservable features, approximately truthfully.
- Scripture
- Core
Sacred writings treated as authoritative by a religious tradition.
- Sectarianism
- Core
Hostility, division or discrimination based on membership of a religious or political group.
- secularisation
- Philosophy
The process by which religious belief, practice or institutional influence declines or changes within society.
- Segregation
- Core
The enforced or entrenched separation of groups in social life or institutions.
- Sense-data
- Philosophy
Mind-dependent sensory items or appearances proposed as the immediate objects of perception by indirect realists.
- Sentience
- Philosophy
The capacity for felt experiences such as pleasure, pain or distress.
- Simple and complex ideas
- A-level
For Locke, experience supplies simple ideas which the mind can combine, compare and abstract into complex ideas.
- Simulated killing
- Philosophy
The representation of killing in a game or simulation where no actual person is killed, raising questions about intention, character and consequences.
- A-level
Representing or enacting killing without causing an actual death, used to test whether moral significance depends on harm, intention or character.
- sin
- GCSE official
Deliberate immoral action that breaks a religious or moral law.
- Sincerity / Ikhlas
- Core
Purity of intention: acting for God rather than praise, status or display.
- Slippery slope
- Core
An argument that permitting one step will make a chain of increasingly harmful steps more likely.
- Social contract
- Core
An actual or imagined agreement that explains political authority and citizens' rights and duties.
- Social contract theory
- Philosophy
The view that political authority or principles are justified through an agreement among free and equal people.
- Social criticism
- Philosophy
The reasoned evaluation of society that exposes injustice, domination or contradiction.
- Social epistemology
- Philosophy
The study of how testimony, trust, institutions and collective practices shape knowledge.
- social justice
- GCSE official
Promoting fairness by challenging injustice, valuing diversity and securing equal provision, opportunity and rights.
- Social philosophy
- Philosophy
The study of social relationships, institutions, norms and the conditions of shared life.
- Socratic philosophy
- Philosophy
An approach centred on questioning, dialogue, the examined life and recognition of one's ignorance.
- soul
- GCSE official
The non-physical or spiritual aspect of a being, often understood to survive death; the guidance definition links it to God.
- Soul-making
- Philosophy
The view that challenge and suffering can provide conditions for moral and spiritual growth.
- A-level
Hick's response that challenge and suffering can provide conditions for moral and spiritual development.
- Soundness
- Philosophy
The property of a deductive argument that is valid and has all true premises.
- Spatial order
- A-level
The regular arrangement of parts so that they cooperate towards a function, used by Paley as evidence of design.
- Speciesism
- Philosophy
Unjustified preference for interests simply because they belong to one's own species.
- State coercion
- Core
The government's use or threat of force and penalties to make people comply.
- state power
- Philosophy
The authority and capacity of government institutions to make decisions, enforce law and shape public life.
- Stealing
- Philosophy
Taking or using another person's property without permission or a justified entitlement.
- A-level
Taking property without the owner’s consent, used to test how normative theories weigh rights, motives and consequences.
- stewardship
- Philosophy
The responsible care of something entrusted to a person or community, especially the natural world and its resources.
- structural change
- Philosophy
Reform to the systems, institutions or rules that repeatedly produce a social outcome.
- Structural injustice
- Core
Unfairness produced by the normal operation of social institutions, rules and patterns rather than one isolated act.
- Sublime
- Core
An overwhelming aesthetic experience of greatness, power or vastness that can mix awe with fear.
- Submission / Islam
- Core
Islam means willing submission to God and living in accordance with God's guidance.
- Substance
- Core
A thing or underlying reality that exists and bears properties.
- Substance dualism
- Philosophy
The view that mind and body are fundamentally distinct kinds of substance.
- A-level
The view that minds exist and are not identical with bodies or any parts of bodies.
- Substance monism
- Philosophy
The view that reality contains only one fundamental substance.
- suffering
- GCSE official
Physical, emotional, psychological or spiritual pain or distress caused by injury, illness or loss.
- Super-Spartans
- A-level
Putnam's imagined community whose members feel pain but are trained never to display pain behaviour.
- sustainable livelihoods
- Philosophy
Ways of earning and living that can endure while supporting wellbeing and protecting the resources on which people depend.
- Syncretism
- Core
The blending of beliefs or practices from different religious or cultural traditions.
- Synoptic reasoning
- Philosophy
The ability to transfer methods of argument, comparison and evaluation across connected areas of a course while keeping their content distinct.
- Tabula rasa
- A-level
Locke's image of the mind as a blank slate whose ideas arise from experience rather than innate content.
- Taste
- Core
A person's cultivated or habitual preferences and judgements about art and beauty.
- Techno-optimism
- Core
Confidence that technological progress can solve major human problems and improve life.
- Teleological argument
- A-level
An a posteriori argument inferring an intelligent designer from order, purpose or regularity in nature.
- Telling lies
- A-level
Deliberately communicating what one believes to be false, used to test duties, consequences and virtues.
- Temporality
- Core
The condition of existing in, experiencing or being shaped by time.
- Theodicy
- Core
An attempt to explain why a good and powerful God permits evil and suffering.
- Theological ethics
- Philosophy
Moral reasoning grounded in beliefs about God, divine law, creation or human purpose.
- Therapeutic enhancement
- Core
Using treatment or technology not only to restore health but to improve capacities beyond a typical level.
- Thesis
- Philosophy
The central claim that an argument or essay sets out to defend.
- Time-lag argument
- A-level
Because signals take time to reach and be processed by us, perception presents an object as it was rather than exactly as it is now.
- Timelessness
- A-level
The view that God exists outside time and does not undergo temporal succession or change.
- Transcendental idealism
- Philosophy
Kant's view that we know objects as they appear under the conditions of human experience, not things as they are independently of those conditions.
- Trinity
- GCSE official
The one God as Father, Son and Holy Spirit.
- Tripartite view
- A-level
The analysis of propositional knowledge as justified true belief: belief, truth and justification are jointly sufficient and individually necessary.
- Two-dimensional semantics
- Philosophy
A framework that distinguishes epistemic and metaphysical dimensions of meaning by assigning two kinds of intension.
- Type identity
- Philosophy
The view that each type of mental state is identical with a particular type of brain state.
- Ubuntu
- Core
A family of African ethical ideas expressing that personhood and flourishing are formed through humane relationships with others.
- Unique-case objection
- A-level
Hume's challenge that the universe is a unique case and therefore cannot support a reliable design analogy.
- Universal / particular
- Core
A universal can be shared by many things; a particular is one individual instance.
- Universal law formulation
- A-level
Kant's test requiring a person to act only on a maxim they could rationally will as a universal law.
- Universalism / particularism
- Core
Universalism seeks principles that apply to everyone; particularism stresses the moral importance of context and specific relationships.
- Utilitarian political thought
- Philosophy
The view that laws and institutions should be judged by their contribution to overall wellbeing.
- Utilitarianism
- Philosophy
The ethical theory that actions are right when their consequences maximise overall welfare.
- A-level
The normative theory that right action maximises utility for all affected.
- Utility calculus
- A-level
Bentham's method for comparing pleasures and pains by features such as intensity, duration, certainty and extent.
- Validity
- Philosophy
The property of an argument whereby it is impossible for all its premises to be true and its conclusion false.
- Value pluralism
- Philosophy
The view that several genuine values can conflict and cannot always be reduced to a single common measure.
- Verification principle
- A-level
The logical positivist claim that a factual assertion is meaningful only if it is analytically true or empirically verifiable.
- Viability
- Core
The stage at which a foetus may be capable of surviving outside the womb, usually with medical support.
- victim needs
- Philosophy
The safety, information, recognition, support and repair that a person harmed by wrongdoing may require.
- vipassana
- GCSE official
Insight meditation that enables perception of things' true nature.
- Virtue
- Philosophy
A stable excellence of character, such as justice or courage, that enables someone to feel, judge and act well.
- Virtue epistemology
- A-level
An analysis which connects knowledge to true belief produced through intellectual virtues or competent cognitive agency.
- Virtue ethics
- Core
An approach to ethics focused on good character and the virtues needed to flourish.
- visible unity
- Philosophy
Publicly recognisable unity between Christian communities, expressed through shared worship, structures or common action.
- Wisdom
- Core
Sound judgement about what matters and how to live, informed by knowledge and experience.
- worship
- Philosophy
Acts that express reverence, devotion or honour towards God or what a religious tradition regards as sacred.
- Xenotransplantation
- Core
Transplanting living cells, tissues or organs from one species into another.
Destinations
- Lesson · Year 10 · aestheticsA Beautiful LessonLesson 3 · A Beautiful Lesson
- Course · CurriculumA-Level PhilosophyInteractive routes through epistemology, moral philosophy, the metaphysics of God and the metaphysics of mind.
- Lesson · Year 9 · bioethicsAbortionLesson 3 · Abortion
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Life and Death · Origins and the value of lifeAbortion and Moral StatusPPTX · C1,U2,L5
- Page · Approach and accessAboutThe independent learning principles behind Bibby Philosophy.
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Human Rights · Dignity, wealth and povertyAbsolute and Relative PovertyPPTX · C1,U4,L2
- Lesson · Year 10 · toleranceActivismLesson 2 · Activism
- Unit · Year 10 · Core PhilosophyAestheticsIs beauty discovered or created?
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumAlvin PlantingaPlantinga argues that rational belief need not always rest on argument and that the logical problem of evil fails if free creatures might go wrong in every feasible world.
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Human Rights · Rights, prejudice and justiceAmbedkar and Engaged BuddhismPPTX · C1,U4,L11
- Unit · Moral Philosophy · A-Level PhilosophyApplied EthicsHow should moral theories judge stealing, lying, simulated killing and eating animals?
- Lesson · Moral Philosophy · applied-ethicsApplied Ethics I: Stealing and Telling LiesLesson 1 · Applied ethics
- Lesson · Moral Philosophy · applied-ethicsApplied Ethics II: Simulated Killing and Eating AnimalsLesson 2 · Animal ethics
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumAquinasAquinas joins Aristotelian explanation with Christian theology, arguing that reason can identify natural ends, moral principles and routes towards a first cause.
- Lesson · Year 7 · pagan-ideasArchaic BeliefLesson 1 · Archaic Belief
- Inquiry · Inquiry · ReaderAre we genuinely free to choose?Every choice has a history in character, biology and circumstance. If prior causes explain what you do, what kind of control could still make the action yours?
- Lesson · GCSE · Buddhism · Further questionsAre You Still the Same PersonPPTX · SUP-03
- Unit · Metaphysics of God · A-Level PhilosophyArguments for God’s ExistenceCan reason or features of the world establish that God exists?
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumAristotleAristotle asks how living things flourish and treats good judgement as a skill formed through practice, character and attention to particulars.
- Lesson · Moral Philosophy · normative-ethical-theoriesAristotle: Ethics Is a Way of LivingLesson 15 · Virtue ethics
- Lesson · Year 10 · aestheticsArs PoliticaLesson 5 · Ars Politica
- Lesson · Year 9 · bioethicsAssisted DyingLesson 5 · Assisted Dying
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumAugustineAugustine explains evil as a corruption of good produced by disordered willing, not as a rival substance created by God.
- Lesson · Year 10 · love-of-wisdomAuthorityLesson 3 · Authority
- Game · Philosophy LabBad Argument ArenaIdentify twelve broken inferences as philosopher characters face distortion, distraction and fraudulent evidence.
- Lesson · Year 8 · good-and-evilBalanceLesson 7 · Balance
- Lesson · GCSE · Christianity · Worship, sacraments and festivalsBaptism and Christian IdentityPPTX · C2,U2,L3
- Lesson · Year 8 · golden-threadBeasts and MonstersLesson 2 · Beasts and Monsters
- Philosopher · Philosopher Compendiumbell hookshooks places race, class and gender inside one analysis of domination, while treating education and love as demanding practices capable of transforming it.
- Lesson · Moral Philosophy · normative-ethical-theoriesBentham: Can Happiness Be Counted?Lesson 3 · Hedonic calculus
- Lesson · Epistemology · perceptionBerkeley's IdealismLesson 4 · Idealism
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumBertrand RussellRussell treats clarity as philosophical work: separate the claims, expose their logical relations and discover whether the original problem survives.
- Lesson · Moral Philosophy · normative-ethical-theoriesBeyond Pleasure: Preference, Act and RuleLesson 5 · Preference utilitarianism
- Lesson · Year 10 · love-of-wisdomBeyond the GivenLesson 5 · Imagination
- Lesson · GCSE · Christianity · Sources, God and creationBible Translation and MeaningPPTX · C2,U1,L2
- Unit · Year 9 · Core PhilosophyBioethicsWho should decide what happens to a patient's body?
- Lesson · GCSE · Buddhism · Identity, texts and traditionsBodhisattvas and KarmaPPTX · C3,U1,L11
- Lesson · GCSE · Buddhism · The Buddha, dhamma and the pathBuddhism and SiddharthaPPTX · C3,U1,L1
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Good and Evil · Evil, suffering and forgivenessBuddhism and SufferingPPTX · C1,U3,L4
- Lesson · GCSE · Component and course revisionBuddhism ConnectionsPPTX · C3,R1
- Lesson · GCSE · Buddhism · Assessment and revisionBuddhism Feedback and TransferPPTX · C3,U2,L14
- Lesson · GCSE · Buddhism · Assessment and revisionBuddhism Full PaperPPTX · C3,U2,L13
- Lesson · GCSE · Component and course revisionBuddhism Timed RepairPPTX · C3,R2
- Lesson · GCSE · Buddhism · Beliefs revisionBuddhist Beliefs MisconceptionsPPTX · C3,U1,R2
- Lesson · GCSE · Buddhism · Beliefs revisionBuddhist Beliefs RevisionPPTX · C3,U1,R1
- Lesson · GCSE · Buddhism · Meditation, devotion and festivalsBuddhist Death and MourningPPTX · C3,U2,L11
- Lesson · GCSE · Buddhism · Meditation, devotion and festivalsBuddhist MeditationPPTX · C3,U2,L6
- Lesson · GCSE · Buddhism · Tibet and places of worshipBuddhist Places of WorshipPPTX · C3,U2,L4
- Lesson · GCSE · Buddhism · Assessment and revisionBuddhist Practices ApplicationPPTX · C3,U2,R2
- Lesson · GCSE · Buddhism · Tibet and places of worshipBuddhist Worship and SymbolsPPTX · C3,U2,L5
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumCamusCamus begins from the clash between our demand for meaning and the world's silence, then asks how to live without denial or surrender.
- Inquiry · Inquiry · MasterCan a mind exist without a body?Changes to the brain alter memory, mood and perception, yet conscious experience does not feel like a piece of matter. Is the mind non-physical, or something a body does?
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Good and Evil · Further questionsCan Justice Repair HarmPPTX · SUP-08
- Lesson · GCSE · Christianity · Further questionsCan the Bible Survive TranslationPPTX · SUP-02
- Inquiry · Inquiry · ApprenticeCan trust replace evidence?What happens to knowledge when an artificial experience feels more convincing than the world?
- Lesson · Moral Philosophy · normative-ethical-theoriesCan Virtue Ethics Tell You What to Do?Lesson 19 · Action guidance
- Inquiry · Inquiry · ReaderCan we be certain of anything?Dreams, errors and convincing simulations can all feel real. If every source of belief can mislead you, what distinguishes knowledge from confidence that merely got lucky?
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Good and Evil · Crime, conscience and punishmentCauses and Aims of PunishmentPPTX · C1,U3,L9
- Lesson · Year 8 · conflictCauses and CulpabilityLesson 2 · Causes and Culpability
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumCesare BeccariaBeccaria measures punishment by public necessity, demanding clear laws, proportionate penalties and the abolition of torture and unnecessary death.
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumChalmersChalmers separates explaining what a cognitive system does from explaining why any of it is accompanied by felt experience.
- Lesson · Moral Philosophy · normative-ethical-theoriesCharacter Is TrainedLesson 17 · Habituation
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Human Rights · Dignity, wealth and povertyCharity and Social JusticePPTX · C1,U4,L4
- Lesson · GCSE · Christianity · Sources, God and creationChristian Authority and DiversityPPTX · C2,U1,L1
- Lesson · GCSE · Christianity · Beliefs revisionChristian Beliefs MisconceptionsPPTX · C2,U1,R2
- Lesson · GCSE · Christianity · Beliefs revisionChristian Beliefs RevisionPPTX · C2,U1,R1
- Lesson · GCSE · Christianity · Worship, sacraments and festivalsChristian PilgrimagePPTX · C2,U2,L5
- Lesson · GCSE · Christianity · Assessment and revisionChristian Practices ApplicationPPTX · C2,U2,R2
- Lesson · GCSE · Christianity · Worship, sacraments and festivalsChristian PrayerPPTX · C2,U2,L2
- Lesson · GCSE · Christianity · Worship, sacraments and festivalsChristian WorshipPPTX · C2,U2,L1
- Lesson · GCSE · Component and course revisionChristianity ConnectionsPPTX · C2,R1
- Lesson · GCSE · Christianity · Assessment and revisionChristianity Feedback and TransferPPTX · C2,U2,L12
- Lesson · GCSE · Christianity · Assessment and revisionChristianity Full PaperPPTX · C2,U2,L11
- Lesson · GCSE · Christianity · Church and missionChristianity in BritainPPTX · C2,U2,L7
- Lesson · GCSE · Component and course revisionChristianity Timed RepairPPTX · C2,R2
- Lesson · GCSE · Christianity · Worship, sacraments and festivalsChristmas and EasterPPTX · C2,U2,L6
- Lesson · Year 7 · epistemologyCogito...Lesson 6 · Scepticism
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Relationships · Ethics, families and marriageCohabitation and Family ChangePPTX · C1,U1,L4
- Lesson · Year 8 · golden-threadComparative MythologyLesson 1 · Comparative Mythology
- Lesson · GCSE · Buddhism · Tibet and places of worshipCompassion and Non-ViolencePPTX · C3,U2,L3
- Lesson · GCSE · Component and course revisionComponent 1 Cumulative RetrievalPPTX · C1,R2
- Lesson · GCSE · Component and course revisionComponent 1 Mixed PracticePPTX · C1,R1
- Lesson · GCSE · Component and course revisionComponent 1 Timed RepairPPTX · C1,R3
- Unit · Year 8 · Core PhilosophyConflictCan conflict ever be justified?
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumConfuciusConfucius treats ethical life as cultivated relationship: humane character becomes visible through ritual, learning and fitting conduct with others.
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Human Rights · Rights, prejudice and justiceConscience and Civil DisobediencePPTX · C1,U4,L7
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Relationships · Sexual ethics and equalityContraception and Natural LawPPTX · C1,U1,L7
- Course · CurriculumCore PhilosophyFive connected journeys through knowledge, belief, identity, justice and action.
- Lesson · Metaphysics of God · arguments-for-gods-existenceCosmological Arguments I: Cause, Motion and BeginningLesson 3 · Cosmological argument
- Lesson · Metaphysics of God · arguments-for-gods-existenceCosmological Arguments II: Contingency and ExplanationLesson 4 · Principle of sufficient reason
- Lesson · GCSE · Christianity · Further questionsCouncils in ConflictPPTX · SUP-01
- Lesson · GCSE · Christianity · Sources, God and creationCreation and SciencePPTX · C2,U1,L7
- Lesson · Year 7 · pagan-ideasCreation MythsLesson 2 · Creation Myths
- Lesson · Year 11 · injusticeCrossing the LineLesson 4 · Crossing the Line
- Lesson · GCSE · Christianity · Jesus, salvation and afterlifeCrucifixion and AtonementPPTX · C2,U1,L9
- Lesson · Year 10 · aestheticsCultivating the EyeLesson 4 · Cultivating the Eye
- Directory · Core and A-Level PhilosophyCurriculumChoose a course and find your place in the curriculum.
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumDavid HumeHume asks human reason to account for its habits, showing how causation, self and morality depend on practices that argument alone cannot manufacture.
- Lesson · GCSE · Buddhism · The Buddha, dhamma and the pathDependent ArisingPPTX · C3,U1,L4
- Lesson · Epistemology · limits-of-knowledgeDescartes' First Sceptical MovesLesson 3 · Cartesian doubt
- Lesson · Metaphysics of God · arguments-for-gods-existenceDesign Arguments: Does Order Point Beyond Itself?Lesson 2 · Teleological argument
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumDiogenes of SinopeDiogenes makes philosophy answer to a way of living, using simplicity and provocation to expose artificial needs and respectable pretence.
- Lesson · Epistemology · perceptionDirect RealismLesson 2 · Direct realism
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Relationships · Ethics, families and marriageDivorce, Adultery and RemarriagePPTX · C1,U1,L5
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Human Rights · Further questionsDoes Charity Solve PovertyPPTX · SUP-10
- Inquiry · Inquiry · PathfinderDoes fairness mean equality or equity?Treating people identically can preserve impartiality yet ignore unequal needs and starting points. Which differences should justice recognise, and when does unequal support become unfair?
- Lesson · Year 10 · toleranceDrawing LinesLesson 7 · Drawing Lines
- Unit · Metaphysics of Mind · A-Level PhilosophyDualismIs the mind fundamentally non-physical?
- Lesson · Metaphysics of Mind · dualismDualism: OverviewLesson 1 · Dualism
- Lesson · GCSE · Christianity · Beliefs revisionEffective RevisionPPTX · C2,U1,L15
- Lesson · Metaphysics of Mind · physicalismEliminative MaterialismLesson 4 · Folk psychology
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumElisabeth of BohemiaElisabeth forces Cartesian dualism to explain contact: how can an unextended thinking substance move an extended body?
- Lesson · Epistemology · reasonEmpiricism and Tabula RasaLesson 3 · Tabula rasa
- Lesson · GCSE · Buddhism · Identity, texts and traditionsEmptiness and Buddha-NaturePPTX · C3,U1,L9
- Lesson · Year 7 · hinduismEnlightenmentLesson 5 · Enlightenment
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Life and Death · Afterlife and the worldEnvironmental ResponsibilityPPTX · C1,U2,L11
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumEpicurusEpicurus makes pleasure the good but strips it of extravagance, locating happiness in freedom from bodily pain, mental disturbance and needless fear.
- Unit · Year 7 · Core PhilosophyEpistemologyHow can we tell whether a belief is knowledge?
- Lesson · Epistemology · epistemology-foundationsEpistemologyLesson 2 · Knowledge
- Unit · Epistemology · A-Level PhilosophyEpistemology: FoundationsHow do philosophers build and test claims about knowledge?
- Year · Core PhilosophyEpistemology: Knowledge, perception, reason and the limits of certaintyAn interactive route through knowledge, its sources and the limits of certainty.
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumErnest SosaSosa models knowledge as successful intellectual performance: a belief counts well when it is true because it was competently formed.
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Relationships · Ethics, families and marriageEthical Approaches to RelationshipsPPTX · C1,U1,L1
- Lesson · Year 9 · bioethicsEthical ConsiderationLesson 1 · Ethical Consideration
- Unit · Year 8 · Core PhilosophyEthicsWhat makes an action morally right?
- Lesson · GCSE · Christianity · Worship, sacraments and festivalsEucharist and Christian DiversityPPTX · C2,U2,L4
- Lesson · Moral Philosophy · normative-ethical-theoriesEudaimonia: The Good Life Is Not a MoodLesson 16 · Eudaimonia
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Life and Death · Origins and the value of lifeEuthanasia and AutonomyPPTX · C1,U2,L6
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Life and Death · Origins and the value of lifeEvolution and CreationPPTX · C1,U2,L3
- Lesson · Year 10 · toleranceFactionalismLesson 5 · Factionalism
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Relationships · Ethics, families and marriageFamilies and ResponsibilitiesPPTX · C1,U1,L2
- Lesson · Year 10 · toleranceFanaticismLesson 1 · Fanaticism
- Lesson · GCSE · Mock feedback and exam techniqueFeedback Into ProgressPPTX · GCSE,M1,L2
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumFootFoot reconnects moral judgement with the evaluation of living things, while using sharply structured cases to test intention, duty and harm.
- Lesson · Moral Philosophy · normative-ethical-theoriesFoot: Duty Under PressureLesson 14 · Hypothetical imperatives
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Good and Evil · Evil, suffering and forgivenessForgiveness as DutyPPTX · C1,U3,L6
- Lesson · Year 7 · epistemologyForming KnowledgeLesson 3 · Justification
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumFrankfurtFrankfurt asks whether freedom lies less in alternative possibilities than in which desires an agent identifies with and makes effective.
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumFrantz FanonFanon analyses colonialism as a system that occupies land, language, embodiment and self-understanding, making liberation both political and psychological.
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Human Rights · Rights, prejudice and justiceFree Speech and CensorshipPPTX · C1,U4,L8
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Good and Evil · Evil, suffering and forgivenessFree Will, Sin and EvilPPTX · C1,U3,L2
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumFrickerFricker shows that injustice can damage a person specifically as a knower, shaping who receives credibility and which experiences can be understood.
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumFriedrich NietzscheNietzsche asks what forms of life created our values and whether inherited moral certainty conceals fear, resentment or exhaustion.
- Unit · Metaphysics of Mind · A-Level PhilosophyFunctionalismAre mental states defined by what they do?
- Lesson · Metaphysics of Mind · functionalismFunctionalismLesson 1 · Functional role
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Life and Death · Afterlife and the worldFunerals and MeaningPPTX · C1,U2,L8
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumG. E. M. AnscombeAnscombe rebuilds moral philosophy from a careful account of intentional action, refusing to treat intention as a private item hidden behind behaviour.
- Course · CurriculumGCSE: Philosophy, Religion and EthicsReligious Studies through Christian and Buddhist beliefs, ethics and contemporary themes.
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Relationships · Sexual ethics and equalityGender Equality in ReligionPPTX · C1,U1,L10
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Relationships · Sexual ethics and equalityGender Roles and EqualityPPTX · C1,U1,L9
- Lesson · GCSE · Christianity · Sources, God and creationGenesis and CreationPPTX · C2,U1,L6
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumGeorge BerkeleyBerkeley argues that material substance adds nothing intelligible to the ideas we perceive, recasting ordinary objects as mind-dependent without calling them imaginary.
- Lesson · Epistemology · knowledgeGettier ProblemsLesson 3 · Epistemic luck
- Lesson · GCSE · Christianity · Sources, God and creationGod, Evil and SufferingPPTX · C2,U1,L5
- Lesson · Year 10 · aestheticsGod: a Self Portrait.Lesson 2 · God: a Self Portrait
- Lesson · GCSE · Christianity · Sources, God and creationGod's Power and LovePPTX · C2,U1,L3
- Lesson · Year 8 · golden-threadGods and LegendsLesson 3 · Gods and Legends
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumGoldmanGoldman shifts epistemic attention from what a believer can inspect internally to whether the process producing a belief reliably connects it with truth.
- Unit · Year 8 · Core PhilosophyGood and EvilWhy does evil exist?
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Good and Evil · Assessment and revisionGood and Evil AssessmentPPTX · C1,U3,L13
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Good and Evil · Assessment and revisionGood and Evil FeedbackPPTX · C1,U3,L14
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Good and Evil · Assessment and revisionGood and Evil Final RevisionPPTX · C1,U3,R2
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Good and Evil · Assessment and revisionGood and Evil RepairPPTX · C1,U3,R1
- Lesson · Moral Philosophy · normative-ethical-theoriesGood Will: Right Act, Wrong Reason?Lesson 9 · Good will
- Lesson · GCSE · Christianity · Jesus, salvation and afterlifeGrace and the Holy SpiritPPTX · C2,U1,L12
- Lesson · Year 8 · five-pillarsHajjLesson 6 · Hajj
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumHannah ArendtArendt treats politics as the fragile space where plural people appear to one another through speech and action, creating a common world no one controls alone.
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumHegelHegel treats freedom and reason as achievements that emerge through conflict, recognition and historically developing forms of social life.
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumHeideggerHeidegger redirects philosophy from cataloguing beings to the question of what it means for anything to be intelligible at all.
- Lesson · Year 8 · golden-threadHidden TeachingsLesson 4 · Hidden Teachings
- Lesson · Year 7 · hinduismHindu God(s)Lesson 2 · Hindu God(s)
- Unit · Year 7 · Core PhilosophyHinduismHow can many forms express one ultimate reality?
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumHobbesHobbes grounds political authority in the need to escape insecurity, asking what power must exist before promises and cooperation can reliably hold.
- Page · Bibby PhilosophyHomeEnter the examined life.
- Inquiry · Inquiry · MasterHow can I know that other minds exist?You see other bodies, words and gestures, but never another person's experience directly. What justifies the leap from outward behaviour to the claim that someone else is conscious?
- Inquiry · Inquiry · PathfinderHow much freedom should we trade for security?Protection from harm can require rules, monitoring and force. At what point does a society that keeps its citizens safe begin to control the lives it was meant to protect?
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Life and Death · Origins and the value of lifeHuman Origins and SciencePPTX · C1,U2,L2
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Human Rights · Dignity, wealth and povertyHuman Rights and DignityPPTX · C1,U4,L1
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Human Rights · Assessment and revisionHuman Rights AssessmentPPTX · C1,U4,L13
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Human Rights · Assessment and revisionHuman Rights Case BankPPTX · C1,U4,R1
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Human Rights · Assessment and revisionHuman Rights Feedback and TransferPPTX · C1,U4,L14
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Human Rights · Assessment and revisionHuman Rights Final RevisionPPTX · C1,U4,R2
- Lesson · Moral Philosophy · normative-ethical-theoriesHumanity: Persons Are Not EquipmentLesson 12 · Humanity formulation
- Lesson · Epistemology · reasonHume's ForkLesson 5 · Relations of ideas
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumImmanuel KantKant asks what rational agents must demand of themselves, treating persons as law-makers who may never be reduced to convenient instruments.
- Lesson · Moral Philosophy · normative-ethical-theoriesImperatives: What Binds?Lesson 10 · Categorical imperative
- Lesson · Year 11 · injusticeImplicit JudgementsLesson 2 · Implicit Judgements
- Lesson · GCSE · Component and course revisionIndependent Revision PlanPPTX · GCSE,R1
- Lesson · Epistemology · perceptionIndirect RealismLesson 3 · Sense-data
- Lesson · Epistemology · knowledgeInfallibilism and No False LemmasLesson 4 · Infallibilism
- Unit · Year 11 · Core PhilosophyInjusticeHow does injustice become part of a society?
- Lesson · Epistemology · reasonInnatismLesson 2 · Innate concepts
- Directory · Questions worth followingInquiriesBegin with a public philosophical question.
- Lesson · Year 11 · injusticeInstitutional DiscriminationLesson 1 · Institutional Discrimination
- Lesson · Epistemology · reasonIntuition and DeductionLesson 4 · Deduction
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumIrenaeusIrenaeus presents creation as good but unfinished, with human beings capable of growing from immaturity towards likeness to God.
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumIris MurdochMurdoch relocates moral work inside attention: becoming better involves learning to see other people and reality without the ego's consoling distortions.
- Inquiry · Inquiry · PathfinderIs it ever right to sacrifice one person to save many?Saving more lives seems better, yet deliberately using an innocent person can feel forbidden. Can a good total outcome make an intentional harm morally permissible?
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumIsaiah BerlinBerlin argues that genuine human values can conflict without one master principle resolving every loss, making liberty and political restraint permanently important.
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumJean-Jacques RousseauRousseau asks how social dependence transforms natural self-concern into rivalry, then seeks a political order in which obedience can remain compatible with freedom.
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumJeremy BenthamBentham subjects laws and punishments to a public test: do they reduce suffering and increase wellbeing, or merely preserve inherited authority?
- Lesson · GCSE · Christianity · Jesus, salvation and afterlifeJesus and the IncarnationPPTX · C2,U1,L8
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumJohn DeweyDewey treats thinking as an experimental response to problems: ideas earn their keep by guiding inquiry, surviving revision and helping people reconstruct a shared world.
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumJohn HickHick reframes a world containing difficulty as an environment for freely developed persons, then extends his philosophy towards plural responses to an ineffable Real.
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumJohn LockeLocke connects knowledge to experience, political authority to consent and personal identity to continuity of consciousness.
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumJohn RawlsRawls asks which principles people would choose for society if nobody could tailor the rules to their own social advantage.
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumJohn Stuart MillMill defends individuality, open argument and a richer utilitarianism in which the quality of human flourishing matters alongside quantity.
- Lesson · GCSE · Christianity · Jesus, salvation and afterlifeJudgement, Heaven and HellPPTX · C2,U1,L13
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Good and Evil · Crime, conscience and punishmentJustice, Mercy and OffendersPPTX · C1,U3,L10
- Game · Philosophy LabKant at the DoorTest five versions of Kant's murderer-at-the-door problem and decide whether duty can require you to assist a killing.
- Lesson · Year 8 · ethicsKant Touch ThisLesson 4 · Kant Touch This
- Lesson · Moral Philosophy · normative-ethical-theoriesKant: Reasons Before ResultsLesson 8 · Deontology
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumKarl MarxMarx explains capitalism as a historically specific social order whose ordinary exchanges conceal relations of labour, power and exploitation that people can collectively transform.
- Reference · Resources · Revision InstituteKey-term indexSearch definitions across Core, official GCSE, A-level and broader philosophy vocabulary.
- Lesson · Year 10 · aestheticsl'art pour l'artLesson 6 · l'art pour l'art
- Lesson · Year 8 · conflictLaying Down ArmsLesson 6 · Laying Down Arms
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Life and Death · Afterlife and the worldLife After DeathPPTX · C1,U2,L7
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Life and Death · Assessment and revisionLife and Death AssessmentPPTX · C1,U2,L13
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Life and Death · Assessment and revisionLife and Death Feedback, Repair and Fresh TransferPPTX · C1,U2,L14
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Life and Death · Assessment and revisionLife and Death Final RevisionPPTX · C1,U2,R2
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Life and Death · Afterlife and the worldLife and Death JudgementsPPTX · C1,U2,L12
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Life and Death · Assessment and revisionLife and Death RevisionPPTX · C1,U2,R1
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Human Rights · Rights, prejudice and justiceLimiting Human RightsPPTX · C1,U4,L12
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Good and Evil · Evil, suffering and forgivenessLimits of ForgivenessPPTX · C1,U3,L7
- Unit · Year 10 · Core PhilosophyLove of WisdomWhat should education help a person become?
- Lesson · Year 7 · epistemologyLucky BreaksLesson 4 · Knowledge
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumMackieMackie argues that ordinary moral claims purport to report objective requirements, but that no such requirements exist.
- Lesson · Year 7 · pagan-ideasMagicLesson 4 · Magic
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumMarcus AureliusMarcus Aurelius uses Stoic philosophy as a discipline of judgement: attend to what reason and justice require, and refuse to make character depend on what fortune can take away.
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Relationships · Ethics, families and marriageMarriage and CommitmentPPTX · C1,U1,L3
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumMartha NussbaumNussbaum asks what people are actually able to do and be, shifting justice from equal resources on paper to the real conditions of a dignified life.
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumMary MidgleyMidgley dismantles one-story pictures of human nature, arguing that people are social animals whose motives cannot be reduced to selfish genes, pure reason or isolated choice.
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumMary WollstonecraftWollstonecraft turns Enlightenment claims about reason and freedom against a society that educates women for dependence and then mistakes the result for nature.
- Lesson · Metaphysics of Mind · dualismMary's Room: The Knowledge ArgumentLesson 4 · Qualia
- Lesson · Year 9 · bioethicsMedical MalpracticeLesson 7 · Medical Malpractice
- Unit · Moral Philosophy · A-Level PhilosophyMetaethicsAre moral judgements reports of objective truth or expressions of attitudes and prescriptions?
- Lesson · Moral Philosophy · metaethicsMetaethics: What Are Moral Judgements Doing?Lesson 1 · Metaethics
- Unit · Year 7 · Core PhilosophyMetaphysicsWhat is reality made of?
- Unit · Metaphysics of God · A-Level PhilosophyMetaphysics of God RevisionWhich arguments and responses survive the strongest objections across the whole topic?
- Year · Core PhilosophyMetaphysics of God: Divine attributes, arguments, evil and religious languageAn interactive route through the concept of God, arguments for divine existence, the problem of evil and the meaning of religious language.
- Lesson · Metaphysics of God · concept-and-nature-of-godMetaphysics of God: What Would Count as God?Lesson 1 · Omnipotence
- Lesson · Metaphysics of Mind · mind-foundationsMetaphysics of MindLesson 1 · Consciousness
- Year · Core PhilosophyMetaphysics of Mind: Consciousness, dualism, physicalism and functionalismAn interactive route through the nature of mind and its relation to the body.
- Lesson · Metaphysics of Mind · functionalismMetaphysics of Mind: ReviewLesson 2 · Multiple realisability
- Lesson · GCSE · Buddhism · Meditation, devotion and festivalsMetta BhavanaPPTX · C3,U2,L8
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumMichel FoucaultFoucault traces how institutions and expert practices produce the categories through which people are observed, normalised and invited to understand themselves.
- Lesson · Moral Philosophy · normative-ethical-theoriesMill: Are Some Pleasures Better?Lesson 4 · Higher pleasures
- Lesson · Metaphysics of Mind · physicalismMind-Brain Type Identity TheoryLesson 3 · Type identity
- Lesson · GCSE · Christianity · Church and missionMission and EvangelismPPTX · C2,U2,L9
- Lesson · GCSE · Mock feedback and exam techniqueMock Four Diagnostic FeedbackPPTX · GCSE,M4,L1
- Lesson · GCSE · Mock feedback and exam techniqueMock Three Diagnostic FeedbackPPTX · GCSE,M3,L1
- Lesson · GCSE · Mock feedback and exam techniqueMock Two Diagnostic FeedbackPPTX · GCSE,M2,L1
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Relationships · Sexual ethics and equalityMonastic Rules and EqualityPPTX · C1,U1,L11
- Lesson · Moral Philosophy · metaethicsMoral Anti-Realism: Error, Emotion or Prescription?Lesson 4 · Moral anti-realism
- Game · Philosophy LabMoral CartographerRespond to serious and comic sacrificial dilemmas, then inspect the moral considerations that moved your decisions.
- Lesson · Year 8 · ethicsMoral CompassLesson 2 · Moral Compass
- Lesson · Year 8 · ethicsMoral GymnasticsLesson 5 · Moral Gymnastics
- Unit · Moral Philosophy · A-Level PhilosophyMoral Philosophy RevisionWhich moral theories survive their strongest objections and hard cases?
- Year · Core PhilosophyMoral Philosophy: Normative ethics, moral language, applied dilemmas and Paper 1 connectionsAn interactive route through competing ethical theories, the status of moral judgements and their application to contested cases.
- Lesson · Moral Philosophy · metaethicsMoral Realism: Nature, Intuition and the Open QuestionLesson 2 · Moral realism
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Good and Evil · Crime, conscience and punishmentMorality and ConsciencePPTX · C1,U3,L8
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Good and Evil · Evil, suffering and forgivenessMorality, Crime and PunishmentPPTX · C1,U3,L1
- Lesson · Year 7 · god-of-abrahamMosesLesson 4 · Moses
- Lesson · GCSE · Buddhism · Identity, texts and traditionsNagasena and Personal IdentityPPTX · C3,U1,L7
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumNagelNagel makes the first-person point of view philosophically unavoidable, asking what an objective account leaves out when there is something it is like to be a subject.
- Lesson · Year 7 · hinduismNatural OrderLesson 4 · Natural Order
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumNel NoddingsNoddings places the caring relation at the centre of ethics: moral attention begins by receiving another person seriously and allowing their expressed need to move one's response.
- Game · Philosophy LabNo Good OptionsLead a fictional government through nine escalating decisions and inspect which theory of justice best explains the policies and reasons you chose.
- Unit · Moral Philosophy · A-Level PhilosophyNormative Ethical TheoriesWhat should determine whether an action or character is morally right?
- Lesson · Moral Philosophy · normative-ethical-theoriesNormative Ethics: Three Moral CentresLesson 1 · Normative ethics
- Lesson · Moral Philosophy · normative-ethical-theoriesNormative Ethics: What Should Decide?Lesson 20 · Normative ethics
- Lesson · Metaphysics of God · arguments-for-gods-existenceOntological Arguments: Can Existence Follow from a Concept?Lesson 1 · Ontological argument
- Unit · Year 8 · Core PhilosophyOntologyWhat kind of thing is a person?
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Life and Death · Afterlife and the worldOrigins of the UniversePPTX · C1,U2,L9
- Unit · Year 7 · Core PhilosophyPagan IdeasHow do myths and rituals shape belief?
- Lesson · Year 7 · pagan-ideasPantheonsLesson 3 · Pantheons
- Unit · Moral Philosophy · A-Level PhilosophyPaper 1 Synoptic ReviewWhich reasoning habits transfer between epistemology and moral philosophy?
- Lesson · Moral Philosophy · paper-1-synopticPaper 1 Synoptic Review: Knowledge and ValueLesson 1 · Synoptic reasoning
- Unit · Metaphysics of God · A-Level PhilosophyPaper 2 Synoptic ReviewWhich reasoning habits transfer between metaphysics of mind and metaphysics of God?
- Lesson · Metaphysics of God · paper-2-synopticPaper 2 Synoptic Review: Mind, God and ExplanationLesson 1 · Conceivability argument
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumParfitParfit argues that personal identity may matter less than the psychological relations that connect lives across time.
- Lesson · Year 7 · god-of-abrahamPassoverLesson 5 · Passover
- Lesson · Year 9 · bioethicsPatient AdvocacyLesson 2 · Patient Advocacy
- Unit · Epistemology · A-Level PhilosophyPerception as a Source of KnowledgeCan perception give us knowledge of a mind-independent world?
- Lesson · Epistemology · perceptionPerception as a Source of KnowledgeLesson 1 · Perception
- Lesson · GCSE · Christianity · Church and missionPersecution and EcumenismPPTX · C2,U2,L10
- Lesson · Year 11 · injusticePersonal ResponsibilityLesson 6 · Personal Responsibility
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumPeter SingerSinger presses impartial concern into everyday life, asking whether distance, species and ordinary spending habits are morally relevant differences.
- Directory · Resource libraryPhilosopher CompendiumCourse-led profiles of philosophers, their arguments and connected games.
- Game · Philosophy LabPhilosopher Dinner PartySeat six philosophers around one table and discover which genuine agreements and structural conflicts their neighbours create.
- Game · Philosophy LabPhilosopher MatchMake 24 choices and meet the philosopher whose methods and argumentative habits most often match your own.
- Lesson · Metaphysics of Mind · physicalismPhilosophical BehaviourismLesson 2 · Behaviourism
- Lesson · Epistemology · limits-of-knowledgePhilosophical ScepticismLesson 2 · Scepticism
- Lesson · Metaphysics of Mind · dualismPhilosophical ZombiesLesson 3 · Conceivability
- Directory · Interactive philosophyPhilosophy LabGames, dilemmas and thought experiments that make your reasons visible.
- Game · Philosophy LabPhilosophy ProfileChoose a short or full quiz in political philosophy, moral philosophy or metaphysics, then explore the positions your answers support.
- Unit · Metaphysics of Mind · A-Level PhilosophyPhysicalismCan the mind be fully explained in physical terms?
- Lesson · Metaphysics of Mind · physicalismPhysicalism: OverviewLesson 1 · Physicalism
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumPlatoPlato turns philosophy into a sustained argument about knowledge, justice, reality and the education of desire.
- Lesson · Moral Philosophy · normative-ethical-theoriesPleasure Without a LifeLesson 6 · Experience machine
- Lesson · GCSE · Mock feedback and exam techniquePractice for TransferPPTX · GCSE,M2,L2
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Human Rights · Rights, prejudice and justicePrejudice and DiscriminationPPTX · C1,U4,L9
- Lesson · Year 8 · ethicsProblematic TrolleysLesson 3 · Problematic Trolleys
- Lesson · Metaphysics of Mind · dualismProblems for DualismLesson 5 · Interaction problem
- Lesson · GCSE · Buddhism · Meditation, devotion and festivalsPuja, Mantra and MalaPPTX · C3,U2,L9
- Lesson · GCSE · Buddhism · Identity, texts and traditionsPure Land BuddhismPPTX · C3,U1,L12
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumPutnamPutnam repeatedly tests whether mind, meaning and truth can be confined inside an individual, using machines, Twin Earth and sceptical scenarios to force the question.
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Human Rights · Rights, prejudice and justiceRace and Religious IntolerancePPTX · C1,U4,L10
- Lesson · Year 10 · toleranceRadicalismLesson 4 · Radicalism
- Lesson · Moral Philosophy · metaethicsRealism Under Pressure: Hume, Ayer and MackieLesson 3 · Is-ought gap
- Unit · Epistemology · A-Level PhilosophyReason as a Source of KnowledgeWhat can reason contribute to knowledge independently of experience?
- Lesson · Epistemology · reasonReason as a Source of KnowledgeLesson 1 · A priori knowledge
- Lesson · Epistemology · reasonReason as a Source of Knowledge: ReviewLesson 6 · Rationalism
- Lesson · Epistemology · epistemology-foundationsReasoning and Philosophical MethodLesson 1 · Soundness
- Lesson · Year 7 · hinduismReincarnationLesson 3 · Reincarnation
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Relationships · Assessment and revisionRelationships Feedback and TransferPPTX · C1,U1,L14
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Relationships · Assessment and revisionRelationships Final RevisionPPTX · C1,U1,R2
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Relationships · Assessment and revisionRelationships RevisionPPTX · C1,U1,R1
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Relationships · Assessment and revisionRelationships Unit AssessmentPPTX · C1,U1,L13
- Lesson · Epistemology · knowledgeReliabilism and Virtue-Based AccountsLesson 5 · Reliabilism
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Human Rights · Rights, prejudice and justiceReligious Action for RightsPPTX · C1,U4,L6
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Human Rights · Rights, prejudice and justiceReligious Freedom and ConvictionPPTX · C1,U4,L5
- Unit · Metaphysics of God · A-Level PhilosophyReligious LanguageCan religious claims be meaningful if ordinary verification and falsification tests do not settle them?
- Lesson · Metaphysics of God · religious-languageReligious Language I: Verification and the End of the RoadLesson 1 · Verification principle
- Lesson · Metaphysics of God · religious-languageReligious Language II: Falsification, Faith and BliksLesson 2 · Falsification
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Good and Evil · Evil, suffering and forgivenessReligious Responses to SufferingPPTX · C1,U3,L5
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Human Rights · Dignity, wealth and povertyReligious Responses to WealthPPTX · C1,U4,L3
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumRené DescartesDescartes turns doubt into a method, dismantling inherited confidence in search of foundations that can survive the strongest challenge.
- Directory · Reading, revision, games and downloadsResourcesLearning resources organised by purpose and access.
- Lesson · Epistemology · limits-of-knowledgeResponses to ScepticismLesson 5 · External world
- Lesson · Moral Philosophy · normative-ethical-theoriesResponsibility and Practical WisdomLesson 18 · Practical wisdom
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Relationships · Sexual ethics and equalityResponsible RelationshipsPPTX · C1,U1,L12
- Lesson · GCSE · Christianity · Jesus, salvation and afterlifeResurrection and AscensionPPTX · C2,U1,L10
- Lesson · GCSE · Christianity · Jesus, salvation and afterlifeResurrection and Christian DestinyPPTX · C2,U1,L14
- Lesson · GCSE · Mock feedback and exam techniqueRevision Under PressurePPTX · GCSE,M4,L2
- Lesson · Metaphysics of God · metaphysics-of-god-revisionRevision: Metaphysics of God — Concept, Existence, LanguageLesson 1 · Evidential problem of evil
- Lesson · Moral Philosophy · moral-philosophy-revisionRevision: Moral Philosophy — Theory Meets the CaseLesson 1 · Moral philosophy
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumRichard SwinburneSwinburne builds a cumulative probabilistic case for God, arguing that one simple personal explanation can make a wide range of features of the world more likely.
- Lesson · Year 10 · toleranceRitualsLesson 3 · Rituals
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumRobert C. SolomonSolomon treats emotions as intelligent, evaluative ways of engaging with the world rather than forces that simply happen to a passive self.
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumRobert NozickNozick argues that justice concerns how holdings were acquired and transferred, not whether the final distribution matches a preferred social pattern.
- Lesson · Year 10 · love-of-wisdomRoom for DoubtLesson 6 · Room for Doubt
- Lesson · Year 8 · conflictRules of EngagementLesson 3 · Rules of Engagement
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumRyleRyle argues that the mind is not a ghostly object hidden inside the body, but is revealed in the organisation of intelligent conduct and capacities.
- Lesson · Year 7 · pagan-ideasSacrificeLesson 5 · Sacrifice
- Lesson · Year 8 · five-pillarsSalahLesson 3 · Salah
- Lesson · GCSE · Buddhism · Meditation, devotion and festivalsSamatha and VipassanaPPTX · C3,U2,L7
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Relationships · Sexual ethics and equalitySame-Sex Relationships and InterpretationPPTX · C1,U1,L8
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Life and Death · Origins and the value of lifeSanctity and Quality of LifePPTX · C1,U2,L4
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumSartreSartre treats human beings as unfinished projects: we become what we are through choices made in situations we did not choose.
- Lesson · Year 8 · five-pillarsSawmLesson 5 · Sawm
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumSearleSearle insists that manipulating symbols by rules is not yet understanding them, and that minds are biological phenomena with genuine intentional content.
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Relationships · Sexual ethics and equalitySexual Ethics and ResponsibilityPPTX · C1,U1,L6
- Lesson · Year 7 · hinduismShrines and MurtisLesson 6 · Shrines and Murtis
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumSimone de BeauvoirBeauvoir places freedom inside concrete situations, asking how people become subjects while social structures assign roles, limits and meanings in advance.
- Lesson · GCSE · Christianity · Jesus, salvation and afterlifeSin and SalvationPPTX · C2,U1,L11
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumSmartSmart proposes that sensations are brain processes described in another vocabulary, removing the need for a second mental substance or dangling properties.
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumSocratesSocrates makes examination a way of life, testing confident claims until speakers can see what they know, what they assume and how they should live.
- Lesson · Year 7 · epistemologySophistryLesson 7 · Sound and Valid
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumSoren KierkegaardKierkegaard resists living by abstraction, asking how a particular person becomes responsible for commitments no system can make on their behalf.
- Lesson · Metaphysics of God · problem-of-evilSoul-Making: Does Theodicy Cost Too Much?Lesson 2 · Soul-making
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumSpinozaSpinoza places mind and body within one necessary natural order, redefining freedom as active understanding rather than escape from causation.
- Lesson · Year 7 · pagan-ideasSpiritualismLesson 6 · Spiritualism
- Lesson · Year 11 · injusticeState ViolenceLesson 3 · State Violence
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Life and Death · Afterlife and the worldStewardship and InterdependencePPTX · C1,U2,L10
- Lesson · Metaphysics of Mind · dualismSubstance DualismLesson 2 · Substance dualism
- Lesson · Year 8 · ethicsThat’s Just WrongLesson 1 · That’s Just Wrong
- Lesson · Year 10 · love-of-wisdomThe AcademyLesson 1 · The Academy
- Lesson · Year 8 · good-and-evilThe BadLesson 2 · Bad
- Lesson · Year 7 · god-of-abrahamThe Chosen PeopleLesson 3 · Chosen People
- Unit · Metaphysics of God · A-Level PhilosophyThe Concept and Nature of GodCan the traditional attributes of God belong coherently to one being?
- Lesson · Metaphysics of God · concept-and-nature-of-godThe Concept of God: Perfection Under PressureLesson 2 · Timelessness
- Lesson · Moral Philosophy · normative-ethical-theoriesThe Cost of ImpartialityLesson 7 · Impartiality
- Lesson · Year 11 · injusticeThe Death PenaltyLesson 7 · Death Penalty
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Good and Evil · Crime, conscience and punishmentThe Death PenaltyPPTX · C1,U3,L11
- Lesson · GCSE · Buddhism · Identity, texts and traditionsThe Dhammapada and ArhatsPPTX · C3,U1,L10
- Lesson · Epistemology · limits-of-knowledgeThe Dream Argument and the Evil DemonLesson 4 · Evil demon
- Game · Philosophy LabThe Drowning ChildMove from saving one drowning child to the deaths that effective giving can prevent, then decide where duty ends.
- Lesson · GCSE · Buddhism · The Buddha, dhamma and the pathThe Eightfold Path and NirvanaPPTX · C3,U1,L6
- Lesson · Year 8 · golden-threadThe Epic of GilgameshLesson 5 · Epic of Gilgamesh
- Lesson · Year 8 · good-and-evilThe Euthyphro DilemmaLesson 6 · Euthyphro Dilemma
- Lesson · Year 11 · injusticeThe Evil WithinLesson 5 · Evil Within
- Lesson · Year 7 · god-of-abrahamThe Father of JudaismLesson 2 · Father of Judaism
- Lesson · GCSE · Buddhism · The Buddha, dhamma and the pathThe First Three TruthsPPTX · C3,U1,L5
- Unit · Year 8 · Core PhilosophyThe Five PillarsHow do religious practices express belief?
- Lesson · Year 8 · five-pillarsThe Five PillarsLesson 2 · Five Pillars
- Lesson · GCSE · Buddhism · The Buddha, dhamma and the pathThe Four SightsPPTX · C3,U1,L2
- Unit · Year 7 · Core PhilosophyThe God of AbrahamWhat makes a religious covenant meaningful?
- Unit · Year 8 · Core PhilosophyThe Golden ThreadWhy do similar stories appear across cultures?
- Lesson · Year 8 · good-and-evilThe GoodLesson 1 · Good
- Lesson · Year 7 · epistemologyThe Good BookLesson 1 · Reason
- Lesson · Year 7 · life-of-christThe HealerLesson 3 · Healer
- Lesson · Year 8 · golden-threadThe Hero's JourneyLesson 6 · Hero's Journey
- Lesson · Year 7 · life-of-christThe LambLesson 4 · Lamb
- Game · Philosophy LabThe Last SeatChoose who escapes and who is left to die, revise the manifest as information arrives, then confront what your choices rewarded.
- Unit · Year 7 · Core PhilosophyThe Life of ChristWhat makes Jesus significant to Christians?
- Unit · Epistemology · A-Level PhilosophyThe Limits of KnowledgeCan philosophical scepticism be defeated?
- Lesson · Epistemology · limits-of-knowledgeThe Limits of KnowledgeLesson 1 · Scepticism
- Lesson · Epistemology · limits-of-knowledgeThe Limits of Knowledge: ReviewLesson 6 · Anti-scepticism
- Lesson · GCSE · Christianity · Church and missionThe Local ChurchPPTX · C2,U2,L8
- Lesson · GCSE · Buddhism · The Buddha, dhamma and the pathThe Middle WayPPTX · C3,U1,L3
- Lesson · Year 7 · god-of-abrahamThe NativityLesson 7 · Nativity
- Unit · Metaphysics of Mind · A-Level PhilosophyThe Nature of MindWhat do we mean when we talk about the mind?
- Lesson · Year 8 · good-and-evilThe Origin of EvilLesson 3 · Origin of Evil
- Lesson · Year 8 · good-and-evilThe Paradox of ChoiceLesson 5 · Paradox of Choice
- Game · Philosophy LabThe Prisoner's DilemmaPlay repeated rounds against different strategies and learn why individually sensible choices can leave everyone worse off.
- Unit · Metaphysics of God · A-Level PhilosophyThe Problem of EvilCan evil be reconciled with an omnipotent, omniscient and perfectly good God?
- Lesson · Year 8 · good-and-evilThe Problem of EvilLesson 4 · Problem of Evil
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Good and Evil · Evil, suffering and forgivenessThe Problem of EvilPPTX · C1,U3,L3
- Lesson · Metaphysics of God · problem-of-evilThe Problem of Evil: Freedom and the Logical ProblemLesson 1 · Free-will defence
- Lesson · Year 9 · bioethicsThe Right to DieLesson 6 · Right to Die
- Lesson · Year 9 · bioethicsThe Right to LifeLesson 4 · Right to Life
- Game · Philosophy LabThe Ring of GygesChoose what to do when nobody can detect or punish you, then examine whether justice needs an audience.
- Lesson · Year 7 · life-of-christThe SaviourLesson 5 · Saviour
- Game · Philosophy LabThe Ship of TheseusFollow one ship through six increasingly awkward repairs, then see which kind of continuity your answers relied on.
- Game · Philosophy LabThe SnowdriftA fast cooperation game showing how incentives change when the shared good still arrives after one person does the work.
- Lesson · Year 7 · life-of-christThe SonLesson 1 · Son
- Lesson · Year 7 · god-of-abrahamThe TanakhLesson 6 · Tanakh
- Lesson · Year 7 · life-of-christThe TeacherLesson 2 · Teacher
- Lesson · Year 8 · ethicsThe Theory of RelativityLesson 6 · Theory of Relativity
- Lesson · GCSE · Buddhism · Identity, texts and traditionsThe Three MarksPPTX · C3,U1,L8
- Lesson · GCSE · Christianity · Sources, God and creationThe Trinity and CouncilsPPTX · C2,U1,L4
- Lesson · Epistemology · knowledgeThe Tripartite View: Justified True BeliefLesson 2 · Justified true belief
- Lesson · Year 10 · toleranceThe TroublesLesson 6 · Troubles
- Lesson · Year 7 · hinduismThe VedasLesson 1 · Vedas
- Lesson · Year 8 · conflictTheories of ConflictLesson 1 · Theories of Conflict
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Good and Evil · Crime, conscience and punishmentTheories of PunishmentPPTX · C1,U3,L12
- Lesson · GCSE · Buddhism · Tibet and places of worshipTibet, Power and ExilePPTX · C3,U2,L2
- Lesson · GCSE · Buddhism · Tibet and places of worshipTibetan Buddhism and Dalai LamaPPTX · C3,U2,L1
- Unit · Year 10 · Core PhilosophyToleranceWhen should society tolerate a belief or practice?
- Lesson · Year 9 · bioethicsTranshumanismLesson 9 · Transhumanism
- Lesson · Year 9 · bioethicsTransplants and ImplantsLesson 8 · Transplants and Implants
- Lesson · Year 10 · love-of-wisdomTrustLesson 4 · Trust
- Lesson · Year 7 · epistemologyTrust IssuesLesson 5 · Reliability
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumTuringTuring replaces the foggy demand to define machine thinking with operational tests of what machines can compute and how convincingly they can converse.
- Lesson · Year 8 · conflictUnconventional ConflictLesson 4 · Unconventional Conflict
- Lesson · Moral Philosophy · normative-ethical-theoriesUniversal Law: Can the Maxim Survive?Lesson 11 · Universal law
- Lesson · Moral Philosophy · normative-ethical-theoriesUtilitarianism: What Counts?Lesson 2 · Utilitarianism
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Life and Death · Origins and the value of lifeValue and PersonhoodPPTX · C1,U2,L1
- Lesson · GCSE · Buddhism · Meditation, devotion and festivalsVeneration and MudrasPPTX · C3,U2,L10
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumW. E. B. Du BoisDu Bois makes racial domination visible as a structure of knowledge and selfhood, dividing how a person sees themselves from how a hostile society makes them appear.
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumWalter BenjaminBenjamin reads culture as a field of historical pressure, asking how technologies, objects and fragments alter perception and disclose lives that official progress stories leave behind.
- Lesson · GCSE · Buddhism · Meditation, devotion and festivalsWesak and ParinirvanaPPTX · C3,U2,L12
- Lesson · Metaphysics of Mind · mind-foundationsWhat Do We Mean by 'Mind'?Lesson 2 · Mind
- Inquiry · Inquiry · PathfinderWhat do we owe to non-human animals?Reason, consciousness, suffering, relationships and life itself can all ground moral concern. Which capacities matter in practice, and do equal interests require identical treatment across species?
- Lesson · GCSE · Buddhism · Further questionsWhat Does British Buddhism Look LikePPTX · SUP-04
- Lesson · Year 8 · ontologyWhat is a Chair?Lesson 4 · a Chair
- Lesson · Year 8 · ontologyWhat is Art?Lesson 3 · Art
- Lesson · Year 7 · metaphysicsWhat is Existence?Lesson 3 · Existence
- Lesson · Year 7 · metaphysicsWhat is Freewill?Lesson 4 · Freewill
- Lesson · Year 7 · god-of-abrahamWhat is God?Lesson 1 · God
- Lesson · Year 8 · ontologyWhat is Identity?Lesson 1 · Identity
- Unit · Epistemology · A-Level PhilosophyWhat Is Knowledge?What turns a true belief into knowledge?
- Lesson · Epistemology · knowledgeWhat Is Knowledge?Lesson 1 · Propositional knowledge
- Lesson · Year 8 · ontologyWhat is Meaning?Lesson 2 · Meaning
- Lesson · Year 8 · ontologyWhat is Meaningful?Lesson 5 · Meaningful
- Lesson · Year 7 · metaphysicsWhat is Metaphysics?Lesson 1 · Metaphysics
- Lesson · Year 7 · metaphysicsWhat is Reality?Lesson 2 · Reality
- Lesson · Year 8 · ontologyWhat Is the Meaning of Life?Lesson 7 · the Meaning of Life
- Lesson · Year 7 · metaphysicsWhat is Time?Lesson 5 · Time
- Lesson · Year 8 · ontologyWhat is Whatness?Lesson 6 · Whatness
- Inquiry · Inquiry · ApprenticeWhat makes a life meaningful?Meaning might be discovered in an objective purpose, created through choice, or built where personal commitment meets something genuinely worthwhile in practice. Is feeling fulfilled enough?
- Inquiry · Inquiry · PathfinderWhat makes you the same person over time?Your body, memories, beliefs and character all change. Which kind of continuity makes a future person genuinely you, and could survival matter even when strict identity does not?
- Lesson · Year 10 · love-of-wisdomWhat Should We Learn?Lesson 2 · What Should We Learn
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Life and Death · Further questionsWhen Does a Person BeginPPTX · SUP-06
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Human Rights · Further questionsWhen Does Speech Become HarmPPTX · SUP-09
- Lesson · Moral Philosophy · normative-ethical-theoriesWhen Duties CollideLesson 13 · Conflicting duties
- Inquiry · Inquiry · ReaderWhen is punishment justified?Punishment deliberately burdens a wrongdoer. Is that justified by desert, deterrence, public protection, reform, communication or repair — and what happens when these aims conflict?
- Lesson · Year 8 · conflictWhen War Is JustLesson 5 · When War Is Just
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Relationships · Further questionsWhich Ethics Should Govern RelationshipsPPTX · SUP-05
- Lesson · Year 10 · aestheticsWho Killed the Author?Lesson 1 · Who Killed the Author
- Lesson · GCSE · Issues of Life and Death · Further questionsWho Owns the End of LifePPTX · SUP-07
- Game · Philosophy LabWho Said It?Separate twelve genuine philosophical positions from plausible claims that reverse, flatten or misattribute them.
- Inquiry · Inquiry · ApprenticeWhy would a good God allow evil?If God has unlimited power, complete knowledge and perfect goodness, why does apparently pointless suffering occur? A defence must explain both human wrongdoing and suffering no person chooses.
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumWilliam JamesJames asks what practical difference an idea makes in experience, treating truth as something beliefs must earn through inquiry rather than a label attached in advance.
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumWilliam PaleyPaley argues that intricate functional organisation in living things points beyond unguided accident towards intelligent design.
- Lesson · Year 7 · epistemologyWisedumbLesson 2 · Knowledge
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumWittgensteinWittgenstein asks how language gets its grip, repeatedly turning philosophical puzzles back towards the practices in which words have a use.
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumWolfWolf locates meaning where subjective attraction meets objective worth: a life must be engaged, but not every engaging project is worth loving.
- Game · Philosophy LabWould This Annoy Kant?Test twelve everyday maxims against universal law, truthfulness, respect for persons and moral worth. The excuses are ordinary; the test is not.
- Lesson · GCSE · Mock feedback and exam techniqueWriting for JudgementPPTX · GCSE,M3,L2
- Year · Core PhilosophyYear 10: Perspectives: Beauty, Tolerance and the Examined LifeTest the limits of tolerance, wisdom and aesthetic judgement.
- Year · Core PhilosophyYear 11: Action: Thought, Justice and the Wider WorldTurn philosophical judgement toward injustice, Africa and the world beyond school.
- Year · Core PhilosophyYear 7: Foundations: God, Gods and TruthBegin with knowledge, encounter several traditions, and finish by asking what reality itself might be.
- Year · Core PhilosophyYear 8: Boundaries: Right, Wrong and Who we AreExamine evil, identity, ethics, practice, shared traditions and conflict.
- Year · Core PhilosophyYear 9: Decisions: Life, Death and Everything BetweenA year-long bioethics programme organised through changing practical dilemmas.
- Lesson · Year 8 · five-pillarsZakatLesson 4 · Zakat
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumZeno of CitiumZeno founded Stoicism around 300 BCE, arguing that flourishing lies in virtuous rational activity in agreement with nature rather than in goods exposed to fortune.
- Philosopher · Philosopher CompendiumZhuangziThe Zhuangzi uses story, humour and transformation to loosen distinctions that have become too rigid for skilful life.
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